Public Speaking Midterm

Front 1

public speaking

Back 1

making your ideas public, of sharing them with other people an d of influencing other people

Front 2

4 similarities between public speaking and conversation

Back 2

1. organizing your thoughts logically
2. tailoring your message to your audience
3. telling a story for maximum impact
4. adapting to listener feedback

Front 3

3 differences between public speaking and conversation

Back 3

1. public speaking is more highly structured
2. public speaking requires more formal language
3. public speaking requires a different method of delivery

Front 4

stage fright

Back 4

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

Front 5

adrenaline

Back 5

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

Front 6

6 ways to deal with nervousness

Back 6

1.acquire speaking experience
2. prepare, prepare, prepare
3. think positively
4. use the power of visualization
5. most nervousness is not visible
6. don’t expect perfection

Front 7

speaker

Back 7

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

Front 8

message

Back 8

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

Front 9

channel

Back 9

the means by which a message is communicated

Front 10

listener

Back 10

the person who receives the speaker’s message

Front 11

frame or reference

Back 11

the sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference

Front 12

feedback

Back 12

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Front 13

interference

Back 13

anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to the listeners

Front 14

situation

Back 14

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

Front 15

ethnocentrism

Back 15

the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Front 16

ethics

Back 16

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Front 17

ethical decisions

Back 17

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

Front 18

5 guidelines for ethical speaking

Back 18

1. make sure your goals are ethically sound
2. be fully prepared
3. be honest
4. avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language
5. put ethical principles into practice

Front 19

plagiarism

Back 19

presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own

Front 20

Bill of Rights

Back 20

the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution

Front 21

global plagiarism

Back 21

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own

Front 22

patchwork plagiarmism

Back 22

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own

Front 23

incremental plagiarism

Back 23

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Front 24

paraphrases

Back 24

to restate or summarize an author’s ides in one’s own words

Front 25

3 guidelines for ethical listening

Back 25

1.be courteous and attentive
2. avoid prejudging the speaker
3. maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Front 26

topic

Back 26

the subject of a speech

Front 27

4 steps to brainstorm for a topic

Back 27

1. personal inventory
2. clustering
3. reference search
4. internet search

Front 28

general purpose

Back 28

the broad goal of a speech

Front 29

specific purpose

Back 29

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

Front 30

5 Tips for Formulating a specific purpose statement

Back 30

1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not a fragment
2. Express your purpose as a statement, not a question
3. Avoid figurative language in your statement
4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea
5. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general

Front 31

central idea

Back 31

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major idea of a speech

Front 32

residual message

Back 32

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

Front 33

audience-centeredness

Back 33

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Front 34

identification

Back 34

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

Front 35

egocentricism

Back 35

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

Front 36

demographic audience analysis

Back 36

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

Front 37

stereotyping

Back 37

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

Front 38

situational audience anaylsis

Back 38

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion

Front 39

attitude

Back 39

a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institutions, etc

Front 40

fixed-alternative questions

Back 40

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

Front 41

scale questions

Back 41

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

Front 42

open-ended questions

Back 42

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

Front 43

strategic organization

Back 43

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

Front 44

main points

Back 44

the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points

Front 45

chronological order

Back 45

a method of speech in which the main points follow a time pattern

Front 46

spatial order

Back 46

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

Front 47

casual order

Back 47

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

Front 48

problem-solution order

Back 48

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Front 49

topical order

Back 49

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Front 50

3 tips for preparing main points

Back 50

1. Keep main points separate
2. Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points
3. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points

Front 51

supporting materials

Back 51

the materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Front 52

connective

Back 52

a word or phrase that connects the idea of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

Front 53

transition

Back 53

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

Front 54

internal preview

Back 54

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

Front 55

internal summary

Back 55

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point or points

Front 56

signpost

Back 56

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in a speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Front 57

7 ways to get attention and interest at the beginning of a speech

Back 57

1. Relate the topic to the audience
2. State the importance of your topic
3. Startle the audience
4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience
5. Question the audience
6. Begin with a quotation
7. Tell a story

Front 58

rhetorical question

Back 58

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

Front 59

credibility

Back 59

the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Front 60

goodwill

Back 60

the audience’s perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

Front 61

preview statement

Back 61

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech

Front 62

crescendo ending

Back 62

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

Front 63

dissolve ending

Back 63

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step-by-step to a dramatic final statement

Front 64

4 ways to reinforce central idea at the end of a speech

Back 64

1. Summarize your speech
2. End with a quotation
3. Make a dramatic statement
4. Refer to the intro

Front 65

preparation outline

Back 65

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

Front 66

visual framework

Back 66

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among speaker’s ideas

Front 67

8 guidelines for the preparation outline

Back 67

1. state the specific purpose of your speech
2. identify the central idea
3. label the intro, body and conclusion
4. use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation
5. state main points and subpoints in full sentences
6. label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews
7. attach a bibliography
8. give your speech a title, if one is desired

Front 68

speaking outline

Back 68

a brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech

Front 69

4 guidelines for the speaking outline

Back 69

1. follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline
2. make sure the outline is legible
3. keep the outline as brief as possible
4. give yourself cues for delivering the speech

Front 70

delivery cues

Back 70

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

Front 71

nonverbal communication

Back 71

communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

Front 72

manuscript speech

Back 72

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

Front 73

4 methods of delivering a speech

Back 73

1. reading from a manuscript
2. reciting from memory
3. speaking impromptu
4. speaking extemporaneously

Front 74

impromptu speech

Back 74

speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Front 75

extemporaneous speech

Back 75

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief test of notes

Front 76

conversational quality

Back 76

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

Front 77

volume

Back 77

loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice

Front 78

pitch

Back 78

the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice

Front 79

inflections

Back 79

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice

Front 80

monotone

Back 80

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Front 81

rate

Back 81

speed at which a person speaks

Front 82

pause

Back 82

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

Front 83

vocalized pause

Back 83

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh”, “er”, and “um”

Front 84

vocal variety

Back 84

changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

Front 85

pronunciation

Back 85

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

Front 86

articulation

Back 86

physical production of particular speech sounds

Front 87

dialect

Back 87

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

Front 88

kinesics

Back 88

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

Front 89

gestures

Back 89

motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech

Front 90

eye contact

Back 90

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

Front 91

model

Back 91

object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail

Front 92

graph

Back 92

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

Front 93

line graph

Back 93

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes to statistics over time or space

Front 94

pie graph

Back 94

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Front 95

bar graph

Back 95

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Front 96

chart

Back 96

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in a list form

Front 97

transparency

Back 97

a visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector

Front 98

multimedia presentation

Back 98

a speech that combines several kinds of visual aid and/or audio aids in the same talk

Front 99

font

Back 99

a complete set of type of the same design

Front 100

informative speech

Back 100

speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Front 101

4 types if informative speechs

Back 101

1. Object: anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
2. Process: a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
3. Events: anything that happens or is regarded as happening
4. Concepts: a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

Front 102

jargon

Back 102

the specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group

Front 103

desciption

Back 103

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

Front 104

comparison

Back 104

a statement of the similarities among two o more people, events, ideas, etc

Front 105

contrast

Back 105

a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc

Front 106

personalize

Back 106

to present one’s idea in human terms that relate in some fashion to experience of the audience