Public Speaking Final Exam

Front 1

Extended Example

Back 1

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Front 2

Tips for using statistics (6)

Back 2

1) Use statistics to quantify your ideas
2) Use sparingly
3) Identify
4) Explain
5) Round off complicated statistics
6) Use visual aids

Front 3

Hypothetical Example

Back 3

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

Front 4

Mean

Back 4

the average value of a groups number

Front 5

Paraphrase

Back 5

to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words

Front 6

Mode

Back 6

the number that occurs the most frequently in a group number

Front 7

Median

Back 7

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

Front 8

Peer Testimony

Back 8

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Front 9

Checklist for using testimony (6)

Back 9

1)Do I use testimony to support my ideas?
2) Do I use testimony from qualified sources?
3) Do I use testimony from unbiased sources?
4) Do I distinguish between expert testimony and peer testimony?
5) Do I identify the sources of all testimony?
6) Do I quote and paraphrase all sources of testimony with complete accuracy?

Front 10

Expert Testimony

Back 10

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields (most reliable especially for controversial or skeptical speeches

Front 11

Three major kinds of supporting materials

Back 11

1) Examples- specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
2) Statistics- numerical data
3) Testimony- quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Front 12

5 basic patterns of organization used most often by public speakers

Back 12

1) Chronological order
2) Spatial order
3) Casual order
4) Problem-solution order
5) Topical order- main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Front 13

Internal summary

Back 13

a statement of the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
(Reminds listeners what they just heard)

Front 14

Transitions

Back 14

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

Front 15

Causal order

Back 15

a method of speech organization in which they main points show a cause-effect relationship

Front 16

Internal preview

Back 16

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss
(audience knows exactly that to listen to as the speaker develops their main points)

Front 17

Chronological order

Back 17

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

Front 18

Connective

Back 18

a word or phrase that connects the idea of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

Front 19

Signposts

Back 19

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Front 20

Spatial order

Back 20

a method or speech organization in which the main points follow a directional path

Front 21

Crescendo Ending

Back 21

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

Front 22

Preview Statement

Back 22

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech

Front 23

Tips for preparing the introduction (5)

Back 23

1) Keep the introduction brief (10%-20% of speech)
2) Introductory materials
3) Be creative
4) Don't worry about exact wording
5) Work out in detail

Front 24

Dissolve Ending

Back 24

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step-by-step to a dramatic final statement

Front 25

Two kinds of meaning that words have

Back 25

1) Denotative Meaning- the literal or dictionary meaning of a word
2)Connotative Meaning- the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase (gives words their intensity and emotional appeal)

Front 26

Principles for inclusive language (5)

Back 26

Inclusive language- language that doesn't stereotype or demean people
1) Avoid the Generic "He"
2) Avoid the use of "man" when referring to women and men
3) Avoid stereotyping jobs and social role by gender
4) Avoid identifying personal traits that are unrelated to the topic
5) Use names that groups use to identify themselves

Front 27

Alliteration

Back 27

Repetition of the initial constant sound of close or adjoining words

Front 28

Cliche

Back 28

A trite or overused expression
("fresh as a daisy")

Front 29

Parallelism

Back 29

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Front 30

Metaphor

Back 30

a implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Front 31

Simile

Back 31

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Front 32

Antithesis

Back 32

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Front 33

Repetition

Back 33

the reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

Front 34

Five step method for practicing delivery

Back 34

1) Go through presentation (out loud)
2) Prepare speaking outline
3) Prepare aloud several times
4) Polish and define your delivery
5) Dress rehearsal (practice with conditions same as presentation)

Front 35

Impromptu Speech

Back 35

a speech delivered with little or or no immediate preparation

Front 36

Manuscript Speech

Back 36

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

Front 37

Aspects of voice you should try to control (8)

Back 37

1)Volume- loudness/softness
2)Pitch- high/lowness
3) Rate-speed
4) Pauses- momentary break
5) Vocal variety- changes in the pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
6) Pronunciation
7) Articulation
8) Dialect

Front 38

Guidelines for presenting visual aids (7)

Back 38

1) Avoid using chalkboards
2) Display visual aids where they can be seen
3) Avoid passing visual aids among audience
4) Display only when discussing them
5) Talk to audience not the visual aid
6) Explain visual aid vividly and concisely
7) Practice with visual aids

Front 39

Pie Graph

Back 39

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Front 40

Bar Graph

Back 40

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparison among two or more items

Front 41

Jargon

Back 41

the specialized or technical language of trade, profession, or similar group

Front 42

Guidelines for informative speaking (5)

Back 42

1) Don't overestimate what the audience knows
2) Relate the subject to the audience
3) Don't be too technical
4) Avoid abstractions (descriptions; contrast and comparison)
5) Personalize your ideas

Front 43

Informative Speaking

Back 43

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Front 44

Three basic issues when you discuss a question of policy

Back 44

1) Need-Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
2) Plan- Does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
3) Practicality- Will it solve the problem or will it create more problems?

Front 45

Organizing speeches on the question of value

Back 45

Organized Topically
(Specific Point)Point 1: Standard for your value judgement
(Central Idea) Point 2: Applying Standards to subject of speech

Example: Capital Punishment
Specific Point: To persuade my audience that Capital Punishment is morally wrong
Central Idea: Capital Punishment violates that both the Bible and U.S constitution
1) CP violates the biblical commandment "Thou Shall Not Kill"
2) CP violates the constitutional law "cruel and punishment"

Front 46

Organizing speeches on the question of policy (4 methods/orders)

Back 46

1) Problem-Solution Order
2) Problem-Cause-Solution Order
3) Comparative Advantage Order- each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
4) Monroe's Motivated Sequence -seek immediate action

Front 47

Questions of fact

Back 47

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Front 48

Monroe's Motivated Sequence (5)

Back 48

1) Attention-audience attention
2) Need- show need for change
3) Satisfaction- solution to problem
4) Visualization- visualize it's benefits
5) Action- "call for action"

Front 49

Questions of value

Back 49

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Front 50

Questions of policy

Back 50

a question about whether a specific course of actions should not be taken

Front 51

Organizing speeches on the question of fact

Back 51

Logically
Each main point will present a reason why someone should agree with you

Front 52

Initial Credibility

Back 52

the credibility of a speaker before he or she speaks

Front 53

Terminal Credibility

Back 53

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Front 54

Four basic methods of reasoning and how to use them

Back 54

1) Reasoning from specific instances- progress from a number of facts-conclusion
2) Reasoning from principle- general principle to specific conclusion
3) Casual Reasoning- establish the relationship between cause and effect
4) Analogical Reasoning- a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first cause is true for the second

Front 55

Derived Credibility

Back 55

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

Front 56

Tips for using evidence (4)

Back 56

1) Use specific evidence
2) Use novel evidence
3) Use from credible sources
4) Make clear the point of your evidence

Front 57

Fallacies of reasoning (5)

Back 57

1) Red-Herring
2) Ad Hominem
3) Either-or
4) Bandwagon
5) Slippery Slope

Front 58

Red-Herring

Back 58

introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Topic A is under discussion.
Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A).
Topic A is abandoned.

Front 59

Ad Hominem

Back 59

attacks the person rather than dealing with the issue

Front 60

Either-or

Back 60

forces listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Front 61

Bandwagon

Back 61

assumes that because something is popular, it is good, correct, or desirable

Person P is pressured by his/her peers or threatened with rejection.
Therefore person P's claim X is false.

Front 62

Slippery Slope

Back 62

assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Event X has occurred (or will or might occur).
Therefore event Y will inevitably happen.

Front 63

Kinds of Special Occasion speeches (5)

Back 63

1) Acceptance Speech
2) Commemorative Speech
3) After-dinner Speech
4) Introduction Speech
5) Speech of Presentation

Front 64

Commemorative speech

Back 64

a speech that plays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institute, or an idea

Front 65

Guidelines for Speeches of Introduction (6)

Back 65

1) Be brief
2) Remarks are accurate
3) Adapt remarks to the occasion
4) Adapt remarks to the speaker
5) Adapt remarks to the audience
6) Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama