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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you organize a speech TOPICALLY?
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RECENCY: most important last
PRIMACY: first point most convincing COMPLEXITY: simple to complex |
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How do you organize a speech CHRONOLOGICALLY?
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Forward or backward progression, whichever set of points you intend to emphasize.
Dates and events discussed in sequence rather than random order. EXAMPLES: History speeches (dates), "How to" speeches (processes), etc... |
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How do you organize a speech SPATIALLY?
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By arranging ideas according to their location, position, or direction.
Doesn't matter which direction you follow, as long as you do it logically. Parts of a building, navigating a museum... EXAMPLE: "To the right... to the left... in front of..." |
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How do you organize a speech to show CAUSE AND EFFECT?
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Cause > Effect
Start off with the cause and discuss the effects, or... Effect > Cause Start off with the effect and then discuss the causes of. Speaker may decide what order based on the principles of recency, primacy, or complexity. |
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What are VERBAL transitions?
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Enumeration (First, Second, Third)
Internal previews/summaries Phrases (In addition to, not only, therefore) Repetition of key words |
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What are NONVERBAL transitions?
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Pauses
Facial expressions Altered speaking Moving |
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How do you establish CREDIBILITY?
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By being prepared.
By showing confidence. By revealing any experience, training, or education, etc... Make the audience know they can trust you early on in the speech. |
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What do CONCLUSIONS do?
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Provide closure.
Summarize the speech. |
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How can you provide closure through a conclusion?
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Using verbal and nonverbal cues to signal the end of the speech and by motivating the audience to respond.
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How can you summarize the speech through a conclusion?
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By reemphasizing the central ideas in a memorable way and by restating the main ideas.
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What is a PREPARATION OUTLINE?
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A detailed outline of a speech that includes main ideas, subpoints and supporting material, and that may also include specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews and summaries, transitions and conclusion.
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What is a DELIVERY OUTLINE?
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Condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed.
Keep it brief - key words/phrases. Avoid complete sentences, except in direct quotes and statistics. |
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What is the difference between a PREPARATION OUTLINE and SPEAKING NOTES?
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A preparation outline is detailed, outlining everything you need to say down to the last word.
Speaking notes are brief phrases used to remember what to say. They are usually note cards used to avoid rustling papers. |
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What is a METAPHOR?
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An implied comparison between two things or concepts.
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What is a SIMILE?
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A comparison between two things that uses the word LIKE or AS.
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What is PERSONIFICATION?
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The attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas.
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What is ANTITHESIS?
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Opposition, such as that used in two-part sentences in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first.
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What are the three main differences between ORAL and WRITTEN language styles?
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Oral style is MORE PERSONAL than written style.
-You're able to look at your audience more than reading directly from a piece of paper. You can interact with your audience more and gauge their responses, and adjust if necessary. Oral style is LESS FORMAL than written style. -You're able to write out what you are going to say in order to MAKE it sound formal. Oral style is MORE REPETITIVE than written style. - Help your audience understand things better. You can repeat yourself many times in order for your audience to grasp and understand the concepts you're trying to convey. |
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What are the ways to make your language more ethical?
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Make sure what you're saying is UNBIASED, make sure you're using appropriate language, and use language your audience can understand.
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What are possible scenarios of using unethical language?
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Any use of generic gender specific (usually masculine) terms: waiter, chairman, fireman, etc.
Antagonizing the audience by making defamatory remarks: Pakis. Using inappropriate jargon or language to a specific audience. |
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What are types of NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR?
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Eye contact, gestures, movement, posture, facial expression, vocal delivery and personal appearance.
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What is ETHNOCENTRISM?
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The assumption that your own cultural approaches are superior to those of other cultures.
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How do you avoid an ethnocentric mind-set?
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Try to view different approaches and preferences (not as right or wrong, but merely as DIFFERENT from your own.
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Why is PERSONAL APPEARANCE important?
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Because most people have certain expectations about the way a speaker should look. Appropriate wardrobe varies depending on climate, customs, culture, and audience (as well as your) expectations.
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Why is VOCAL DELIVERY important?
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Because you need to speak to be understood. Your credibility as a speaker and your ability to communicate your ideas clearly to your listeners will in large part depend on your vocal delivery (including pitch, speech rate, volume, pronunciation, articulation, pauses, and general variation of the voice).
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Why are FACIAL EXPRESSIONS important?
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Your facial expression plays a key role in conveying your thoughts, emotions and attitudes. You can set the emotional tone of your speech because of your facial expressions (they see your face before they hear your voice).
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Why is your POSTURE important?
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The way you carry your body communicates significant information. Your stance can reflect on your credibility as a speaker. Your posture communicates the INTENSITY of your emotions and what you're saying.
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Why is MOVEMENT important?
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Your movement should be consistent with the verbal content of your message. It should make sense and not appear as aimless wandering. If you move around too much, it may detract from what you are saying.
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Why are GESTURES important?
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Gestures can either contradict or emphasize what you are saying. They can also help regulate your speech, complement and/or substitute what you are trying to say. You can reinforce your speech by repeating certain parts with your hands (counting, measuring, etc.)
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Why is EYE CONTACT important?
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It opens communications, makes you seem more believable, and keeps your audience interested. By keeping eye contact with your audience, you can gauge their responsiveness and gain feedback.
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What should you know about SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS?
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Can be about anything TANGIBLE. Could be arranged topically, spatially or chronologically. Due to time constraints, the level of detail may be great or small. It's best to cover the more prominent details first.
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What should you know about SPEECHES ABOUT PROCEDURES?
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A speech about a procedure discusses how something works or describes a process that produces a particular outcome. At the close of the speech, a person should be able to describe, understand, or perform the procedure you have described.
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What should you know about SPEECHES ABOUT PEOPLE?
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Relate the key elements in the person's career, personality, or other significant life features so that you are building to a particular point rather than just reciting facts about an individual. Best done in chronological order.
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What should you know about SPEECHES ABOUT IDEAS?
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Speeches about ideas are usually more abstract. Most are organized topically or according to complexity.
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What is PERSUASION?
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The process of changing or reinforcing a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior.
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What is ETHOS?
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A speaker's credibility.
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What is LOGOS?
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The formal system of using rules (speech) to reach a conclusion.
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What is PATHOS?
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Appeals to human emotion.
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What is SYLLOGISM?
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A three-part way of developing an argument, using a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion.
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What is COGNITIVE DISSONANCE?
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The sense of mental discomfort that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns.
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How do ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, and VALUES differ?
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Attitudes are our likes and dislikes (easily changed). Beliefs are what we understand to be true or false. Values are our sense of what is right and wrong (good or bad).
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What is a PROPOSITION OF FACT?
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A proposition that focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen.
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What is a PROPOSITION OF VALUE?
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A proposition that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something.
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How does ETHOS relate to PERSUASION?
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You need to present information that can be trusted, and be believable and trustworthy yourself. The more credible and ethical a speaker is perceived to be, the greater the chances are that a listener will believe in, trust and positively respond to the persuasive message of the speaker.
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How does LOGOS relate to PERSUASION?
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You can appeal to your audience by using rational, logical reasoning behind your arguments.
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How does PATHOS relate to PERSUASION?
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Try to "pull on the heartstrings" of your audience. You want to make your audience behave in a way that gives them a positive attitude about themselves.
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What is a FALLACY?
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False reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate.
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What is CAUSAL FALLACY?
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A faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events?
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What is BANDWAGON FALLACY?
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Reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct.
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What is EITHER/OR FALLACY?
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The oversimplification of an issues into a choice between only two outcomes or possibilities.
EXAMPLE: You're either with us, or with them. |
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What is HASTY GENERALIZATION?
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A conclusion reached without adequate evidence.
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What is AD HOMINEM?
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An attack on irrelevant personal characteristics of the person who is proposing an idea, rather than on the idea itself.
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What is RED HERRING?
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Irrelevant facts or information used to distract someone from the issue under discussion.
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What is APPEAL TO MISPLACED AUTHORITY?
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Use of the testimony of an expert in a given field to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the appropriate credentials or expertise.
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What is NON SEQUITUR?
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Latin for "it does not follow"; an idea or conclusion that does not logically relate to or follow from the previous idea or conclusion.
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