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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
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stage fright
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a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
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adrenaline
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controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
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positive nervousness
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mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself/herself giving a successful presentation
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visualization
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focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
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critical thinking
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the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
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speaker
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whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
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message
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the means by which a message is communicated
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channel
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the person who recieves the speaker's message
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listener
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the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes.
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frame of reference
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the messages, ususally nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
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feedback
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the belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
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ethnocentrism
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the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
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ethics
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sound ethical decisions involce weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
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ethical decisions
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the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
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name-calling
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the first 10 commandments to the united states constitution
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bill of rights
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presenting anothers person's language or ideas as one's own
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plagiarism
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stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
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global plagiarism
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stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
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patchwork plagiarism
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failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
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incremental plagiarism
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to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
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paraphrase
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the vibration or sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electochemical impulses in the brain
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hearing
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paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
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listening
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listening for pleasure or enjoyment
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appreciative listening
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listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
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empathatic listening
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listening to understand the message of a speaker
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comprehensive listening
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listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
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critical listening
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the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute)
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spare "brain time"
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giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
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active listening
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an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
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key-word outline
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communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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nonverbal communication
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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manuscript speech
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a speech delivered with little or no immediete preparation
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impromptu speech
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a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
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extemporaneous speech
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presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
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conversational quality
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the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
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volume
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the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
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pitch
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changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice
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inflections
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a constant pitch or tone of voice
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monotone
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the speed at which a person speaks
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rate
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a constant pitch or tone of voice
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monotone
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the speed at which a person speaks
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rate
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a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
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pause
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a pause that ocurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" "er" and "um'
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vocalized pauses
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changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expresivness
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vocal variety
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the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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pronunciation
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the physical production of particular speech sounds
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articulation
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a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
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dialect
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the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
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kinesics
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motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
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gestures
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direct visual contact with the eyes or another person
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eye contact
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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
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denotative meaning
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the meaning suggested by the assocsiation or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
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connotative meaning
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a book of synonyms
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thesaurous
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words that refer to tangible objects
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concrete words
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words taht refer to ideas or concepts
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abstract words
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disourse that takes many words than are necessary to express an idea
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clutter
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the ue of vivid language to create mental images of objects actions or ideas
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imagery
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an explicit comparison indtoduced with the word "like " or "as" between things that are essentially differnet yet have something in common
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simile
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a trite or overused expression
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cliche
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an implicit comparison not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have soemthing in common
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metaphor
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the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
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rythym
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the similiar arragement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
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parallelism
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reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of sucessive clasuse or sentences
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repetition
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repetition or the initial consonant sound of close or a adjoining words
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alliteration
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the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
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antithesis
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language that does not stereotype, demean or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
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inclusive language
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the use of "he" to refer to both women and men
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generic "he"
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putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a partuclar audience
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strategic organization
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the major points developed in the body of a speech.
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main points- most contain 2 to 5 main points
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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
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chronological order
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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
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spatial order
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a method of speech organization in whichthe main points show a cause-effect relationship
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causal order
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a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a prooblem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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problem-solution order
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a method of speech organization in which the main ponts divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
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topical order
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the materials used to support a speaker's ideas.
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supporting materials 3 main kinds are statistics testimony and examples
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a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
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connective
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a word or phrase that incdicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is movin on to another
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transition
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a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
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internal preview
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a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points
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internal summary
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a very brief statemnet that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
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signpost
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the subject of a speech
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topic
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a method of generating ideas for speech topic by free asscosiation of words and ideas
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brainstorming
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the broad goal of a speech
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general purpose
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a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
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specific purpose
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anything that happpens or is regarded as happening
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event
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a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
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central idea
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what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forotten everything else in the speech
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residual message
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a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
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informative speech
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anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
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object
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anything that happens or is regarded as happening
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event
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a belief , theory, idea, notion principle , or the like
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concept
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a statement that depicts a person, event, idea or the like with clarity an vividness
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description
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a statement of the similarities, among two or more people, events, ideas etc
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comparison
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a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas etc
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contrast
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to present ones ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
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personalize
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the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
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persuasion
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the mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
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mental dialogue with audience
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the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
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target audience
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a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
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question of fact
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a question about the worth rightness morality and so forth of an idea or action
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question of value
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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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quesition of policy
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a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable withough encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
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speech to gain passive agreement
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a persuasive speech in which the speakers in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
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speech to gain immediate action
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the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy:
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need
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the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
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burnden of proof
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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problem-solution order
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, teh second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
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problem-cause solution order
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a listing of all the books, periodicals and other resources owned by a library
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catalogue
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a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate whre they can be found on the shelves
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call number
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a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines
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periodical database
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a summary of a magaizine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
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abstract
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a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
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reference work
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a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge
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general encyclopedia
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a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion art law science music etc
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special encyclopedia
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a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year
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yearbook
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a reference work that provides information about people
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biographical aid
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a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
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virtual library
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an organization that in the absense of a clearly identified author is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
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sponsoring organization
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an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
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research interview
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a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
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preliminary bibiography
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a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people ideas conditions experiences or the like
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example
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a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
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brief example
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a story narrative or ancedote developed at some length to illustrate a point
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extended example
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an example that describes an imaginary or ficticious situation
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hypothetical example
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numerical data
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statistics
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quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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testimony
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testimony from people who are recognized experts in thier fields
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expert testimony
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testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
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peer testimony
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testimony that is presnted word for word
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direct quotation
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quoting a statement in shuch a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it
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quoting out of context
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a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
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speaking outline
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directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he want to deliver key party of the speech
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delivery cues
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an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail
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model
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a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
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graph
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a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statisics over time or space
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line graph
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a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
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pie graph
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a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
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chart
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a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
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bar graph
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a visual aid drawn, written or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector
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transparency
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a speech that combines several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk
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multimedia presentation
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the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
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ethos
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the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
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credibility- the two major factors influencing a speakers credibility are competence and character
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the credibilty of a speaker before she of he starts to speak
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initial credibility
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the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
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derived credibilty
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the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
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terminal credibility
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a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values attitudes or experiences of the audience
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creating common ground
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supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
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evidence
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the name used by aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker
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logos
the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning |
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the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis or evidence
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reasoning
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reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
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reasoning from specific instances
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an error in reasoning from specific instances in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
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hasty generalization
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reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
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reasoning from principle
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reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between casues and effects
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causal reasoning
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an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another the first event is the casue or the second
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false casue or post hoc ergo propter hoc
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reasoning in which a speaker compares two similiar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
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analogical reasoning
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an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
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invalid analogy
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a error in reasoning
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fallacy
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a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
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red herring
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a fallacy that attacks the person rather then dealing with the real issue in dispute
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ad hominem
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a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternative when more than two alternatives exist
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either-or
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a fallacy that assumes that becasue something is popular it is therefore good correct or desirable
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bandwagon
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a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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slippery slope
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the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
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pathos
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