Public Speaking Exam 3

Front 1

Listener who needs to hear verbal explanations and descriptions to learn well.

Back 1

auditory listener

Front 2

Local or regional informal dialect or expression.

Back 2

colloquialism

Front 3

Recognizing, acknowledging, and expressing value for another person.

Back 3

confirming

Front 4

Speech that eases the audience’s burden of processing information.

Back 4

considerate speech

Front 5

Listener who listens for the accuracy of a speech’s content and the implications of a speaker’s message.

Back 5

critical listener

Front 6

Language that respectfully recognizes the differences among the many cultures in our society.

Back 6

culturally inclusive language

Front 7

Listener who overcomes listener interference to better understand a speaker’s message.

Back 7

effective listener

Front 8

Listener who considers the moral impact of a speaker’s message on one’s self and one’s community.

Back 8

ethical listener

Front 9

Word or phrase that substitutes an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant

Back 9

euphemism

Front 10

Listener who needs to touch, explore, and participate in what is being described.

Back 10

experiential listener

Front 11

Language recognizing that both women and men are active participants in the world.

Back 11

gender-inclusive language

Front 12

Vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the impulses then sent to the brain.

Back 12

hearing

Front 13

Anything that stops or hinders a listener from receiving a message.

Back 13

interference

Front 14

Technical language used by a special group or for a special activity.

Back 14

jargon

Front 15

Speech that is considerate and delivered in an oral style.

Back 15

listenable speech

Front 16

Process of giving thoughtful attention to another person’s words and understanding what you hear.

Back 16

listening

Front 17

Informal nonstandard vocabulary, usually made up of arbitrarily changed words.

Back 17

slang

Front 18

Practice of highlighting a person’s race or ethnicity (or sex, sexual orientation, physical disability, and the like) during a speech

Back 18

spotlighting

Front 19

Extra words that pad sentences and claims but don’t add meaning.

Back 19

verbal clutter

Front 20

Listener who needs to see something to understand it and how it works.

Back 20

visual listener

Front 21

Process of reasoning suggesting that because two conditions or events resemble each other in ways that are certain, they will resemble each other in other ways that are less certain

Back 21

analogical reasoning

Front 22

Set of statements that allows you to develop your evidence to establish the validity of your claim.

Back 22

argument

Front 23

Process of reasoning that supports a claim by establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

Back 23

causal reasoning

Front 24

Audience’s view of a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Back 24

character

Front 25

Audience’s view of a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject.

Back 25

competence

Front 26

Logical outcome of an argument that results from the combination of the major and minor premises.

Back 26

conclusion

Front 27

Audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence and character.

Back 27

credibility

Front 28

Process of reasoning that uses a familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the truth of a very specific claim.

Back 28

deductive reasoning

Front 29

Word Aristotle used to refer to the speaker’s credibility.

Back 29

ethos

Front 30

Error in reasoning in which a speaker assumes that one event caused another simply because the first event happened before the second

Back 30

false cause

Front 31

Error in reasoning in which a speaker reaches a conclusion without enough evidence to support it.

Back 31

hasty generalization

Front 32

Process of reasoning that uses specific instances, or examples, to make a claim about a general conclusion.

Back 32

inductive reasoning

Front 33

Mental leaps we make when we agree that a speaker’s evidence supports his or her claims.

Back 33

inferences

Front 34

Word Aristotle used to refer to the logical arrangement of evidence in a speech.

Back 34

logos

Front 35

Claim in an argument that states a familiar, commonly accepted belief (also called the general principle).

Back 35

major premise

Front 36

Claim in an argument that states a specific instance linked to the major premise.

Back 36

minor premise

Front 37

Word Aristotle used to refer to emotional appeals made by a speaker.

Back 37

pathos

Front 38

Process of reasoning that assumes something exists or will happen based on something else that exists or has happened.

Back 38

reasoning by sign

Front 39

Something that represents something else.

Back 39

sign

Front 40

Word that refers to ideas or concepts but not to specific objects.

Back 40

abstract word

Front 41

Repetition of a particular sound in a sentence or phrase.

Back 41

alliteration

Front 42

Placement of words and phrases in contrast or opposition to one another.

Back 42

antithesis

Front 43

Word that refers to a tangible object—a person, place, or thing.

Back 43

concrete word

Front 44

Fixed, distinctive expression whose meaning is not indicated by its individual words.

Back 44

idiom

Front 45

System of verbal or gestural symbols a community uses to communicate with one another.

Back 45

language

Front 46

Figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things by describing one thing as being something else.

Back 46

metaphor

Front 47

Metaphor that makes illogical comparisons between two or more things.

Back 47

mixed metaphor

Front 48

Rhyme, phrase, or other verbal device that makes information easier to remember.

Back 48

mnemonic device

Front 49

Speaking style that reflects the spoken rather than the written word.

Back 49

oral style

Front 50

Arrangement of related words so they are balanced or of related sentences so they have identical structures.

Back 50

parallelism

Front 51

Figure of speech that attributes human characteristics to animals, objects, or concepts.

Back 51

personification

Front 52

Object, concept, or event a symbol represents.

Back 52

referent

Front 53

Repetition of keywords or phrases at the beginnings or endings of sentences or clauses to create rhythm.

Back 53

repetition

Front 54

Arrangement of words into patterns so the sounds of the words together enhance the meaning of a phrase.

Back 54

rhythm

Front 55

Figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison of two things using the word like or as.

Back 55

simile

Front 56

Word or phrase spoken by a speaker.

Back 56

symbol

Front 57

Memory and past experiences that audience members have with an object, concept, or event.

Back 57

thought, or reference

Front 58

Request that an audience engage in some clearly stated behavior.

Back 58

call to action

Front 59

Organizational pattern that illustrates the advantages of one solution over others.

Back 59

comparative advantages organization

Front 60

Arguments against the speaker’s own position.

Back 60

counterarguments

Front 61

Threat of something undesirable happening if change does not occur.

Back 61

fear appeal

Front 62

Motivate an audience to engage in a specific behavior or take a specific action.

Back 62

gain immediate action

Front 63

Ask an audience to adopt a new position without also asking them to act in support of that position.

Back 63

gain passive agreement

Front 64

Sequential process used to persuade audiences by gaining attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying that need, visualizing beneficial results, and calling for action

Back 64

Monroe’s motivated sequence

Front 65

Speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audience’s thoughts, feelings, or actions.

Back 65

persuasive speech

Front 66

Organizational pattern that focuses on identifying a specific problem, the causes of that problem, and a solution for the problem.

Back 66

problem-cause-solution organization

Front 67

Organizational pattern that focuses on persuading an audience that a specific problem exists and can be solved or minimized by a specific solution.

Back 67

problem-solution organization

Front 68

Question that addresses whether something is true or not.

Back 68

question of fact

Front 69

Question that addresses the best course of action or the best solution to a problem.

Back 69

question of policy

Front 70

Question that addresses the merit or morality of an object, action, or belief.

Back 70

question of value

Front 71

Persuasive strategy that addresses both sides of an issue, refuting one side to prove the other is better.

Back 71

two-sided message

Front 72

Argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person’s arguments.

Back 72

ad hominem fallacy

Front 73

Argument that something is correct or good because everyone else agrees with it or is doing it.

Back 73

bandwagon fallacy

Front 74

Audience’s view of a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Back 74

character

Front 75

Similarities, shared interests, and mutual perspectives a speaker has with an audience.

Back 75

common ground

Front 76

Audience’s view of a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject.

Back 76

competence

Front 77

Audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence and character.

Back 77

credibility

Front 78

Credibility a speaker develops during a speech.

Back 78

derived credibility

Front 79

Argument in which a speaker claims our options are “either A or B,” when actually more than two options exist. Sometimes called a false dilemma

Back 79

either-or fallacy

Front 80

Word Aristotle used to refer to the speaker’s credibility.

Back 80

ethos

Front 81

Argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning.

Back 81

fallacy

Front 82

Credibility a speaker has before giving a speech.

Back 82

initial credibility

Front 83

Word Aristotle used to refer to the logical arrangement of evidence in a speech.

Back 83

logos

Front 84

Interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture.

Back 84

mythos

Front 85

Word Aristotle used to refer to emotional appeals made by a speaker.

Back 85

pathos

Front 86

Argument that introduces irrelevant information into an argument to distract an audience from the real issue.

Back 86

red herring fallacy

Front 87

Argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will lead to inevitable and undesirable further steps

Back 87

slippery slope fallacy

Front 88

Credibility a speaker has at the end of a speech.

Back 88

terminal credibility

Front 89

How to listen ethically (3)

Back 89

suspend judgement
assess information
respond to speakers ideas

Front 90

A=B
B=C
therefore A=C

Back 90

deductive reasoning

Front 91

argument by example. Look for patterns in evidence

Back 91

inductive reasoning

Front 92

toulins model of a sound argument

Back 92

claims, grounds, warrant, backing. Like a child continually asking why

Front 93

5 patterns of reasoning

Back 93

inductive
deductive
causal
analogical
sign

Front 94

Semantic triangle

Back 94

thought - symbol (words) - referent (things)