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96 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is Pubic Speaking

Features comm between a speaker and audience

What is the Speaker & Audience's Role in PS


Speaker- does most of the talking


Audience- listens & gives feedback

What do Good Speakers Do?

-Consider audience's interests & needs


-Adapt to the occasion

What does PS do?

Emphasizes spoken word

Why study PS?

Can help you deliver effective presentations in the classroom, on job, and in your community

Before the 20th Century, PSers were called ___ and their discourses were called____

Orators, orations

Oldest known handbook on effective PS was written on ____ in _____ more than _____ years ago.

Papyrus, Egypt, 4 thousand

Famous Orators

Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, Quintilian

Aristotle's Contributions

Rhetoric, 3 Forms of Public Address, 3 Forms of Influence

Rhetoric

The study of how words can persuade an audience

3 Forms of Public Address

Forensic, Deliberative, Epideictic

Forensic

Guilt/address (ex: court room)

Deliberative

Debate public policy (ex: senate)

Epideictic

Special occasion

5 Canons of Rhetoric

Inventio


Dispoitio


Elocutio


Memoria


Actio

Inventio

Invention- generation of ideas for use in speech

Dispoitio

Arrangement- structure, organization

Elocutio

Style- choice of language

Memoria

Memory- preparation, practice

Actio

Delivery- speaker's use of voice and body

3 Forms of Influence (Persuasive Speech)

Logos, Pathos, Ethos

Logos

Reasoned demonstrations

Pathos

Appeals audience feelings

Ethos

Perceived qualities of the speaker

Change to PS

19th century nature of public speech & perception of the speaker changes from orator to public speaker

Julia Wood's Definition of Communication

Systematic process in which people interact with & through symbols to create & interpret meaning

Communication: Process

Ongoing & always in motion, moving ever-forward & changing constantly (can't determine where it starts or ends)

Communication: Systematic

Occur in a system of interrelated parts that affect one another

Communication: Symbols

Abstract, arbitrary, & ambitious representations of other things



(Include language & nonverbal, art & music)

Kenneth Burke Quote on Symbols

"only different between humans & animals is that we are symbol-using beings"

Communication: Meaning

Significance we bestow on phenomena- what we signify to us

Anderson & Ross on Meaning

Meaning is the conscious pattern humans create out of their interpretation of experience.




No perfect meeting of the minds- we communicate verbally & non-verbally




Sharing meaning between cultures poses own unique issues

Communication & Adapting to People & Our Environment

Communication is often determined upon the context/situation in which we find ourselves

Types of Context

Psychological: moods & attitudes of the participants




Physical: location & environment




Social: status relationship between participants




Cultural: what's acceptable/unacceptable in a particular culture




Temporal: time at which the communication takes place

Culture

A group of people who share identity, set of values, belief system




Culture defines itself thru communication traditions, taboos, habits, customs, etc.

7 Elements of the Mechanical Model of Communication

Speaker: comm begins with this person


Listener: person who receives this message


Message: whatever a speaker communicates to someone else


Encode: how one chooses to express their ideas (Decode: receiver processes the message & forms their own perception of the message's meaning)


Channel: means by which a message is communicated


Interference: anything that impedes the communication of a message


Situation/Context: time/place in which speech communication occurs

Transactional Model of Communication

New element introduced: feedback (messages sent from listener to speaker)




Required with culture and worldview

Example of a Powerful Speech Being Prepared

MLK- Multiple Drafts of Nobel Prize acceptance


MLK- 15 hours for each sermon

3 Common Problems of Not Preparing

-Leaving too little time to plan & practice


-Focus on length rather than quality


-Failing to follow the assignment

Speech Anxiety (stage fright)

-Worry or fear some people experience before giving a speech




Ex: sweaty palms, nausea, butterflies in stomach

However, a little nervousness

Can help you focus your attention

What is the formal name for the fear of PS/ speech anxiety?

Glossophobia

What does glossophobia produce?

Fight or flight: physiological reaction that occurs in the presence of something terrifying, either mental or physical

Walter Cannon's definition of Fight or Flight

Reaction inside the body to help the body mobilize its resources to deal with a threatening situation

Symptoms of Glossophobia take three forms

Physical: heavy breathing, motionless, posture


Verbal: dry-mouth, words come out confusing/not at all


Non-Verbal: Hands in pockets, lack of eye contact



Types of Selfs

Social, spiritual, public, private

Social Self

Conception of self through your social interactions with others




Ex: each relationship you have is unique bcause you bring in your social self

Material Self

Total of all tangible things you own




Ex: clothes, car, body, etc.

Spiritual Self

Based on your sense of self in a relationship to other forces in the universe

Public Self

What others know about us

Private Self

Part of us we keep to ourselves

Psychological Perspective of "the self"

Set of attributes that a person attaches to him/herself, most firmly, the attributes that the person finds it difficult

Philosophical Perspective of "the self"

The agent, the knower, the ultimate locus of personal identity

Communication Perspective of "the self"

Symbolic interaction argues that we develop our sense of who we are through interactions with others




Evolving composition of traits, roles, attitudes, experiences, and our evaluation of how we feel about those elements

Self-awareness

Ability to look at your feelings as a unique individual & to reflect on your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

Self-concept

Cognitive image of who you are based on beliefs, attitudes, and values

Self-esteem

Value you place on yourself

Clear Organization of Speech

-Imposes order on your presentation by showing the relationship between ideas


-Shows that you have taken time to prepare your talk


-Enhances your credibility

Rhetorical Purpose

A primary goal for the speech. Focuses the content of the speech.

3 Primary Goals for a Speech

Informing


Persuading


Special Occasion

Speech to Entertain

Designed to make people laugh but can address serious issues




Ex: White House Correspondents' Dinner

Main Points

Major ideas that you will emphasize in your presentation.

How to Develop Main Points

By using subordination

5 Types of Speech Organization to choose from

-Chronological


-Spatial


-Topical


-Cause-and-effect Relationship


-Problem-Solution Order

Chronological

(Temporal) Present info in time-based sequence

Spatial

The main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of adjacent to one another in location or geography

Topical

Use when you have a diverse set of main points

Cause-and-Effect Relationship

Casual pattern, chain of events

Four Ways to Organize our Words

Transitions


Internal Previews


Internal Summaries


Signposting

Internal Previews

A short list of the ideas that will follow

Internal Summaries

A quick review of what you just said in your point

Signposting

Numerical indications of the main body points (first, second, third) (one cause, another cause, an additional cause)

Organization of a Speech

-Introduction


-Gain audience's attention


-Signal Thesis


-Show Audience "What's in it for them"


-Establish credibility


-Preview main points


-Transition to your conclusion


-Summarize your main points


-Finish with a memorable clincher

An Effective Introduction...

-Builds audience interest


-Orients audience members to the speech


-Establishes your credibility as a speaker

A Strong Conclusion...

Leaves the audience with an enduring impression of your speech

Gain Your Audience's Attention

Attention-getter


Story/anecdote


Offer a striking or provocative statement


Build suspense


Let listeners know you're one of them


Humor


Rhetorical question


Quotation

Attention-getter

Brief story, quotation, striking fact/statistic, or funny incident that grabs listeners' attention while also hinging at what your speech will cover

Rhetorical Question

A question that you want listeners to answer in their heads

What a thesis should do...

-Reveal the speech's "bottom line"


-Clearly convey your topic & your purpose for delivering the presentation



Preview Your Main Points

-Preview


-Use signposts to help listeners understand the structure of your speech

Summarize your main points

Summary is a brief review of your main points

Clincher

-30 seconds long


-Leave an imprint on audience members' minds

Ways to Craft a good Clincher

Be related to an introduction or be a statement or quotation that characterizes the content of the speech

Outlining

Contains text of speech in complete sentences or briefer phrases

What you should outlines for

Practice speech

Two Stages of Outlines

Working outline


Speaking Outline

Working Outline

Thorough outline used to craft your speech. Full sentences, everything, explains points in detail

Speaking Outline

Phrases or keywords, just the bare minimum, gets straight to the point

What kind of outlines facilitates extemporaneous delivery

Speaking outline

Extemporaneous Delivery

Using only notes for reference, rather than reading your speech to the audience word-for-word

Body of Speech

Core of the speech & is where you present your main message about your topic. Outline before you outline introduction.

Outlining the body of your speech

Use proper labeling & indentation


Use full sentences or detailed phrases


Check for subordination


Insert transition

Subordination

Creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials




Each main point must relate to specific purpose & each subpoint must relate to the main point that it supports





Transitions

A sentence that indicates you are moving from one idea to another

Introduction Order

I. Attention-getter


II. Topic or thesis statement


III. Connection with the audience


IV. Speaker's credibility


V. Preview of main points

Conclusion Order

I. Summary of main points


II. Clincher