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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses. |
audience
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Considerate of the positions, beliefs, values, and needs of an audience
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audience centered
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Means by which the message is conveyed
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channel
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Care and concern for others, the thoughtful use of words and language, and the flexibility to see the many sides of an issue.
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civility
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Environment or situation in which a speech occurs
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context
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Translating words, sounds, and gestures into ideas and feelings in an attempt to understand the message
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decoding
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Translating ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and gestures
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encoding
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Speaker who considers the moral impact of his or her ideas and arguments on others when involved in the public dialogue.
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ethical public speaker
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Verbal and nonverbal signals an audience gives a speaker.
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feedback
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Communication among members of a team or a collective about topics such as goals, strategies, and conflict.
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group communication
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Communication with other people that ranges from the highly personal to the highly impersonal
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interpersonal communication
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Communication with ourselves via the dialogue that goes on in our heads
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intrapersonal communication
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Communication generated by media organizations that is designed to reach large audiences.
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mass communication
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Information conveyed by the speaker to the audience
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message
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Anything that interferes with understanding the message being communicated.
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noise
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Communication in which one person gives a speech to other people, most often in a public setting.
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public communication
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Ethical and civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public
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public dialogue
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Person who stimulates public dialogue by delivering an oral message
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speaker
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Speech that acknowledges gratitude, appreciation, and pleasure at receiving an honor or a gift.
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acceptance speech
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Positive, motivating statements that replace negative self-talk
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affirmations
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An authoritative list, an accepted principle or rule, or an accepted standard of judgment
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canon
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Guidelines for ordering the ideas in a speech
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canon of arrangement
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Guidelines for managing your voice, gestures, posture, facial expressions, and visual aids as you present your speech.
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canon of delivery
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Guidelines for generating effective content for a speech
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canon of invention
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Guidelines for the time taken to rehearse a speech and the ways you prompt yourself to remember the speech as you give it.
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canon of memory
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Guidelines for using language effectively and appropriately
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canon of style
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Process that helps reduce anxiety by replacing negative thoughts with positive ones, called affirmations
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cognitive restructuring
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Speech that praises, honors, recognizes, or pays tribute to a person, an event, an idea, or an institution
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commemorative speech
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Level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons
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communication apprehension
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Speech that communicates knowledge and understanding about a process, an event, a person or place, an object, or a concept
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informative speech
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Speech that gives the audience a sense of the unique perspective of the person introduced or welcomes and familiarizes the audience with an event.
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introductory speech
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Speech that allows the speaker to enter into a dialogue with an audience to clarify positions, explore issues and ideas, or share beliefs and values
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invitational speech
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Speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audience’s thoughts, feelings, or actions.
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persuasive speech
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Anxiety we feel when we learn we have to give a speech or take a public speaking course.
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public speaking anxiety (PSA)
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Speaking to give a presentation to a small collection of individuals or speaking as part of a small group of people
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small group speaking
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Apprehension about communicating with others in a particular situation.
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state, or situational, anxiety
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Technique for reducing anxiety that involves teaching your body to feel calm and relaxed rather than fearful during your speeches.
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systematic desensitization
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Apprehension about communicating with others in any situation
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trait anxiety
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Process in which you construct an image of yourself in your mind’s eye giving a successful speech
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visualization
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Actions a speaker wants the audience to take at the end of a speech
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behavioral objectives
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Process of generating ideas randomly and uncritically, without attention to logic, connections, or relevance
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brainstorming
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Speech’s broad goal: to inform, invite, persuade, introduce, commemorate, or accept.
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general purpose
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Focused statement that identifies exactly what a speaker wants to accomplish with a speech.
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specific purpose
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Subject of your speech.
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speech topic
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Statement that summarizes in a single declarative sentence the main proposition, assumption, or argument you want to express in your speech
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thesis statement
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General positive or negative feeling a person has about something
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attitude
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Complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses
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audience
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Acknowledging your audience by considering and listening to the unique, diverse, and common perspectives of its members before, during, and after your speech.
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audience centered
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Person’s idea of what is real or true or not
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belief
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Question that requires the respondent to choose an answer from two or more alternatives
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closed-ended question
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Analysis that identifies the particular population traits of an audience
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demographic audience analysis
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Interaction, connection, and exchange of ideas and opinions with others.
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dialogue
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Trying to see and understand the world as another person does
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empathy
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Belief that our own cultural perspectives, norms, and ways of organizing society are superior to others.
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ethnocentrism
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Significant positions occupied by a person within society that affect that person’s identity in almost all social situations.
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master statuses
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Question that allows the respondent to answer in an unrestricted way.
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open-ended question
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Time and place in which a speaker will speak
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speaking environment
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Perspective from which a person views and evaluates society.
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standpoint
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Broad generalization about an entire group based on limited knowledge or exposure to only certain members of that group
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stereotype
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Person’s idea of what is good, worthy, or important
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value
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Brief overview in the introduction of a speech of each of the main points in the speech.
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preview
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Question a speaker asks that an audience isn’t supposed to answer out loud but rather in their own minds
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rhetorical question
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Concise restatement of the main points at the end of a speech
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summary
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Process of arranging points into successive levels, with the points on a specific level having the same weight or value
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coordination
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Detailed outline a speaker builds when preparing a speech that includes the title, specific purpose, thesis statement, introduction, main points and subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and source citations of the speech
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preparation outline
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Condensed form of a preparation outline, used to help a speaker remember his or her ideas when speaking
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speaking outline
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Point in a speech that develops an aspect of a subpoint
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sub-subpoint
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Process of ranking ideas in order from the most to the least important
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subordination
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Point in a speech that develops an aspect of a main point.
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subpoint
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power and influence of public speaking
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1. civility
2. add to public dialogue 3. ethical public speaking |
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5 types of public speaking?
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1. intrapersonal
2. interpersonal 3. group 4. mass 5. public |
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How does public speaking create community
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1.We share ideas & information
2.We consider questions & possibilities 3.We talk about topics that affect us all |
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influence of culture and gender on public speaking
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Speakers must consider positions, beliefs, values & needs of audiences
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how is public speaking audience centered?
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1.Audiences influence message
2.Speakers must consider positions, beliefs, values & needs of audiences 3.Speakers receive feedback from audiences |
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How does public speaking encourage ethical dialogue?
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1.Sets stage for future discussions
2.Interest in discussing issues 3.Interest in hearing more from audience |
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Why speak publicly.
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1.Decide to speak on matters of importance
2.Asked to speak about experiences or expertise 3.Required to speak |
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6 general purposes of public speaking
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1. to invite
2. to inform 3. to persuade 4. to commemorate 5. to accept 6. to introduce |
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type of speech that Communicates knowledge and understanding about a process, an event, a person or place, an object, or a concept
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informative speech
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type of speech that aims to explore and understand many sides to an issue
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invitational speech
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type of speech that attempts to change or reinforce an audience’s thoughts, feelings or actions
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persuasive speech
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type of speech that Presents information about yourself, another person, or an event to an audience
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introductory speech
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type of speech that praises, honors, recognizes, or pays tribute to a person, an event, an idea or an institution
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commemorative speech
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type of speech that acknowledges your gratitude, appreciation, and pleasure at receiving an honor or a gift
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acceptance speech
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canons of rhetoric
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1. invention
2. arrangement 3. style 4. memory 5. delivery |
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5 ways to reduce nervousness
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Prepare
Practice Be realistic Visualize success Affirm strengths Connect with audience |
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three contexts that influence your speaking goals
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Deciding to speak
Being asked to speak Being required to speak |
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4 functions of an introduction
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Catch audience’s attention
Reveal and relate topic Establish credibility Preview speech |
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types of introductions
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Rhetorical questions
Story Quotation or poem Demonstration Startling statement State importance of topic Share expertise State what’s to come |
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goals of conclusion
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Tip off ending
Reinforce thesis statement Create closure |
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words or phrases that help transition from one point to the next
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connectives
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tips for a preparation outline
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Divide points into at least two subpoints
Check for balance Keep audience-centered focus complete sentences |