Public Health Midterm

Front 1

fields of public health

Back 1

1. basic science
2. biostatistics
3. epidemiology
4. behavioral/social sciences
5. environmental health
6. health services administration

Front 2

silent victories

Back 2

preventative measures, absence of problem shows success

Front 3

three goals of public health

Back 3

1. assessment
2. policy development
3. assurance

Front 4

positive impacts of medicine

Back 4

immunology, obstetrics, emergency care, pharmaceuticals

Front 5

epilepsy in china

Back 5

-stigma associated with epilepsy, would be brought to family
-keeping them in house was response to protect them and you
-mental health comorbidity

Front 6

western biomedcine

Back 6

individual, clinical intervention, diagnose and treatment, emergency and surgery, technology

Front 7

public health

Back 7

population, community interventions, education and health promotion, government, prevention, policy

Front 8

screening

Back 8

who has the disease in a community

Front 9

crime and punishment

Back 9

a lot of problems in our society are treated as criminal when they're really public health problems

Front 10

medical markets

Back 10

incentive to develop products that have market advantage, even if they don't match with public health priorities

Front 11

placebo use

Back 11

know something can help them but intentionally denying it to them for purpose of experiment

Front 12

Gibbons v Ogden

Back 12

1824
states have police power

Front 13

Queenside Hills Realty Co v Commissioner of Housing in the City of New york

Back 13

1946
states have extensive authority to protect public health and safety

Front 14

Jacobson v Massachusetts

Back 14

1905
states can require and enforce vaccination if it's necessary for public health safety and common good
-has upheld fluoridation of water, fortification of foods, seat belts, motorcycle helmets

Front 15

Griswold v Connecticut

Back 15

1965
no state can pass law that infringes on person's right to privacy
-led to medical sovereignty

Front 16

Wisconsin v Yoder

Back 16

1972
lawful for parents to make decision on religious grounds
-harm of violating freedom of religion was worse

Front 17

Prince v Massachusetts

Back 17

1943
right to practice religion does not take importance over vaccination requirement

Front 18

church of lukumi babalu v hialeah

Back 18

1993
were allowed to break animal slaughtering laws due to religions beliefs
-public health has a lot to do with reach of state in regulating

Front 19

Cox v New Hampshire

Back 19

1941
permits regulate where, when, and how you can demonstrate publicly so protest doesn't interfere with public health

Front 20

Tick Wo v Hopkins

Back 20

due process- all citizens have a right to full and even treatment under the law, full and equal access of government initiatives

Front 21

Brown v Board of Education

Back 21

1954
separate but unequal was a violation of due process
-medical professionals have a high autonomy in how they practice (can't limit what physicians do)

Front 22

nuisance

Back 22

origins of government organized behavior has the aim of containing anything that spills over the boundaries of personal liberties

Front 23

phases of public health history

Back 23

1. general health promotion
2. the sanitary movement
3. bacteriological revolution
4. international public health

Front 24

what can cause an epidemic

Back 24

demography, agriculture, climate, host population resistance

Front 25

leprosy

Back 25

-loss of neurofunctioning in extremities, flaking skin, not that dangerous
-poor have lower resistance
-isolation recommended in bible
-social death

Front 26

smallpox symptoms

Back 26

-leads to blinding and scarification
-30% mortality rate, 80% for at risk groups

Front 27

Plague

Back 27

-"black death"
-yersinia pestis transmits it from rats
-destroyed crops, targeted Jewish people (lower death rates because of kosher laws and sexual restrictions)
-cultural judgements

Front 28

quarantine

Back 28

-40 day period
-developed in context of mercantilism
-if anyone shows symptoms, go into isolation

Front 29

problems with quarantine

Back 29

-conflict between property holders, businessmen, and government/ph
-incentive to evade public health law
-put all groups of diseases in same place

Front 30

impacts of epidemic era

Back 30

-vulnerable populations more affected than others
-recognize more than one country needed to control disease
-origins of public health

Front 31

new poor laws

Back 31

can't get governmental assistance if you are able bodied

Front 32

effects of new poor laws

Back 32

-incentivizes labor
-immigrants move into cities
-welfare largely for women and children

Front 33

results of industrialization

Back 33

-industry doesn't want high mortality of workers
-synergy between business and public heath
-government wants to keep work force healthy

Front 34

Chadwick

Back 34

-miasmist
-basic social reforms (clear water, street sanitation) as a way to control infectious disease and improve economy
-link between poverty and disease

Front 35

registration of births and deaths act

Back 35

1836
-first act on national level in the world to make census taking and statistics of births, deaths, etc.
-promoting idea of epidemiology

Front 36

core elements of sanitary idea

Back 36

-disease, socioeconomic status, and urban environment closely interlinked
-poor people are more sick
-urban planning and engineering

Front 37

modern public health

Back 37

-General Board of Health created 1848
-social epidemiology (studies on tenements)
-rise of epidemiological research

Front 38

National Board of Health

Back 38

-established after reconstruction, first national level department of health
-charged with compiling national statistics and advising government

Front 39

DHSS

Back 39

in charge of medicaid and medicare

Front 40

National Institute of Health (NIH)

Back 40

responsible for funding research

Front 41

imagined community

Back 41

you have something more in common with someone in california than someone in cuba or puerto rico

Front 42

Leewenhoek

Back 42

invented 500 microscopic lenses, pioneered microscope

Front 43

Pasteur

Back 43

-did experiments with changing temperature of food/drinks, found way to kill bacteria without cooking it (pasteurization)
-promoted microbiology
-funded by food/drink businesses

Front 44

Lister

Back 44

-found it was more common to get disease once hospitalized than not
-experimented with putting alcohol in wounds
-created Listerine

Front 45

Koch

Back 45

-developed water filtration system to remove cholera (Egypt and India)
-work with microbiology lead to new tensions between medicine and public health

Front 46

Koch's Postulates

Back 46

1. microorganisms are found in abundance in diseased organisms
2. they can be isolated from the organism, grown in culture, and reintroduced into health organisms
3. disease-causing microorganisms can be found in asymptomatic individuals

Front 47

von Pettenkofer

Back 47

-miasmist
-engaged in bet with Koch about cause of cholera, ate poop, got sick but survived
-commit suicide because miasma belief caused deaths

Front 48

effects of bacteriological revolution

Back 48

-start focusing on containing transmission and distribution of microorganisms
-public health now concerned with social reform and biomedicine

Front 49

yellow fever

Back 49

"black vomit"
-major outbreaks due to increasing population, deforestation
-white man's burden in tropics
-led to antagonism between settler and indigenous populations

Front 50

neurostemia

Back 50

-men got depressed when they came back from tropics
-indicated men took on too much pressure from deal with indigenous people

Front 51

Finlay

Back 51

-clinical trial with soldiers, one group exposed to mosquitoes, other group not
-determined mosquito was vector, led to interventions
-was it ethical?

Front 52

syphilis

Back 52

-primary, secondary, and tertiary stages
-penicillin is treatment

Front 53

rationales for Tuskegee

Back 53

-people weren't getting care anyway
-free check ups
-never repeated opportunity
-men were clinical material, not sick people
-get money for funeral

Front 54

IRB

Back 54

-certify there is no ethical danger for subjects
-ensure participants have given informed consent
-can be controversial

Front 55

smallpox

Back 55

-fully eradicated
-variola minor, major, and vaccinae (cowpox)
-basis for discoveries that lead to contemporary technologies of vaccination
-killed many people in americas

Front 56

Jenner

Back 56

studied milk maids, developed variolation process

Front 57

advantages of smallpox

Back 57

-no animal reservoir
-little/no latency period
-no asymptomatic carriers
-clinical technological advances

Front 58

eradication timeline

Back 58

lasted 20 years
South America/Africa, then India, then Bangladesh

Front 59

surveillance

Back 59

monitoring population for health conditions and changes

Front 60

baseline

Back 60

specific set of data about population that can be used as base for measuring potential change

Front 61

prevalence

Back 61

distribution in a population (proportion of people affected)

Front 62

incidence

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new cases, is disease-specific and age-specific

Front 63

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Back 63

-weekly baseline updates
-articles about new findings and updates
-creates a summary perspective and management/treatment of disease
-creates recommendations

Front 64

NHIS

Back 64

wide sampling of population, basic data on health, how government monitors health of population
-50,000 people, annually

Front 65

NHANES

Back 65

very detailed questions on health behavior, how health behavior is monitored, public data
-5000 individuals, every year

Front 66

BRFSS

Back 66

-tells us about behavioral risk factors (suicide, homicide, gang violence, self harm, etc)
-rolling telephone survey

Front 67

disease notification

Back 67

health practitioners take data on patients and report it to CDC

Front 68

outbreak investigation

Back 68

-has to be as specific as possible
-systematic case finding
-interventions for control

Front 69

sensitivity

Back 69

true positives/(true positives + false negatives)
-if person actually does have disease, likelihood a test/screening will show they do have disease