Public Administration Test 1

Front 1

A member of a bureaucracy

Back 1

Bureaucrats

Front 2

A way of organizing work.
Involves hierarchy (people at higher levels are bosses of those below)and division of labor

Back 2

Bureaucracy

Front 3

What are the 7 Basic Tenants of Bureaucracies?

Back 3

1. Specification of jobs w/ detailed rights, obligations, responsibilities, scope of authority
2. System of supervision & subordination
3. Unity of command
4. Extensive use of written docs
5. Training in job requirements
6. Application of consistent & complete rules (company manual)
7. Assign work & hire personnel based on experience

Front 4

Calls to "clean up" WA and streamline gov'tal bureaucracy.
*Wasn't until Bill Clinton's Prez that any effort was made.

Back 4

Reinventing Gov't
-business process reengineering

Front 5

Citizen is a consumer or customer in this idea of gov't

Back 5

Entrepreneurial Gov't

Front 6

10 Principles Gov't needs to do in order to increase effectiveness in becoming more entrepreneurial

Back 6

1. Promote competition into service delivery
2. Empower rather than serve citizens
3. Measure performance
4. Be driven by goals not by rules
5. Meet needs of customers -give choices
6. Prevent problems by antipating b4 they arise
7. Earn $$ rather than spend it
8. Decentralize authority
9. Choose market mechanisms rather than bureaucratic mech
10. Catalyze all sectors

Front 7

It was the largest gov't reorganization in 50 years (since the US Dept of Defense was created)
-responsible for protecting US territory from terrorist attack and respond to natural disaster

Back 7

Dept of Homeland Security

Front 8

Examples of independent Agencies

Back 8

AMTRAK, CIA, District of Columbia, EPA, FDIC, NASA, etc

Front 9

Concept of bureaucratic independence which demands separation between bureaucratic & political decision-making.

Back 9

Bureaucratic neutrality
*public servants owe obligation to citizens not to party that controls gov't

Front 10

The separation of powers that is based upon the federalist system which the 3 branches of govt are divided.

Back 10

Checks & Balances
-Leg Branch:makes laws
-Exec Branch:enforces & carries out laws
-Jud Branch: Interprets laws

Front 11

The application of info and communications technology to enhance the effectiveness of a leg, judiciary, or administration, either to improve efficiency or change relationship between citizen and govt

Back 11

E-Gov

Front 12

The 1st to consider and write about the science of public administration and bureaucracy

Back 12

Woodrow Wilson

Front 13

Believed that politics deal with "the expression of the will of the state in policies, and administration is concerned with the execution of that will"

Back 13

Frank Goodnow

Front 14

Leonard White put forward what 4 assumptions about public admin?

Back 14

1. No single process of admin
2. Pub admin = management
3. Admin is an art in transformation to a science
4. Admin is central problem of govt

Front 15

Viewed management fuctions as universal and created the 7 activities acronym POSDCORB

Back 15

Luther Gulick

Front 16

What does POSDCORB stand for?

Back 16

Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting & Budgeting

Front 17

Said that the purpose & structure of orgs should be to make decisions and act upon them.
Said that many "principles" are like proverbs (Provs of Admin)

Back 17

Herbert Simon

Front 18

Basic beliefs & assumptions not only about politics & the political system but about appropriate gov't relationships to private, esp economic activity

Back 18

Political values

Front 19

The power to make a decision where the choice of whether to make a decision is that of the decision maker

Back 19

Discretionary authority

Front 20

Model of administrative activity characterized by concentration of power, centralization of gov'tal policy making, exercise of pwr by experts & professional bureaucrats, sep of politics & admin, & an emphasis on technical or scientific rationality

Back 20

Administrative efficiency
*alternative to pluralist dem model)

Front 21

Important in securing legitimacy of public agencies. Constrains extent to which an agency can deviate from their responsibilities

Back 21

Accountability

Front 22

Signed into law by Prez George W Bush on Oct 26, 2001, in response to the terrorist attacts against US. Expands authority of law enforcement for purpose of fighting terrorist acts in US & abroad.

Back 22

USA PATRIOT Act

Front 23

What does the USA PATRIOT Act mean?

Back 23

Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism

Front 24

Group of people from whom an org hopes to attract support from.

Back 24

Constituency

Front 25

Phrase typically used to describe cozy relationships between the leg, gov't bureaucracies, & special interest groups that result in tight policy-making circles

Back 25

Iron Triangle

Front 26

Difficulty of passing party agenda items in a legislature that is close to being evenly divided. Result? No consistent policy direction established

Back 26

Gridlock

Front 27

Principles of political accountability applied in an effort to control bureaucratic power.

Back 27

Bureaucratic accountability

Front 28

Power of an executive to nullify or "cancel" specific provisions of a bill, usually budget appropriations, without vetoing the entire legislative package. Usually subject to possibility of leg override

Back 28

Line-item veto

Front 29

All the activities & interactions occuring between a central or nat'l gov't and regional gov'ts such as states and cities, with each having some independent authority over its citizens

Back 29

Intergovernmental Relations

Front 30

A statute that requires gov't or private parties to carry out specific actions, but does not appropriate any funds for that purpose. Ex: No Child Left Behind Act

Back 30

Unfunded Mandates

Front 31

Belief that having separate but equal branches of gov't is the best option

Back 31

Dual Federalism

Front 32

Assumption of state & local program authority by the federal gov't

Back 32

Preemptions

Front 33

Power of the state to take property for public use without the owner's consent.

Back 33

Eminent Domain

Front 34

Characteristic of formal bureaucratic orgs; vertical chain of command in which each unit is subordinate to the one above it and superior to the one below it

Back 34

Hierarchy

Front 35

Tendency of those being observed to change their behavior to meet the expectations of researchers; Named after a factory in Illinois (G factory?)

Back 35

Hawthorne or "halo" effect

Front 36

Selection of public officials on the basis of political loyalty rather than merit, objective examination, or professional competence

Back 36

Patronage

Front 37

Stresses formal, structural arrangements within orgs, and "correct" or "scientific" methods to be followed in order to achieve the highest degree of organizational efficiency (ex: Weber's theory of bureaucracy and Taylor's scientific management approach)

Back 37

Formal Theory of Organization

Front 38

Formal theory of org developed by this man; concerned with achieving efficiency in production, rational work procedures, maximum productivity, and profit

Back 38

Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor

Front 39

Model of behavior within orgs that assumes that workers need to be motivated by external rewards or sanctions (threats/ punishments)

Back 39

Theory X

Front 40

Model of organizational behavior that stresses self-motivation, participation, and intrinsic(internal) job rewards.

Back 40

Theory Y

Front 41

Jap management system that stresses deliberative, "bottom- up" collective accountability & decision making, long term planning, & closer relationships among managers & workers

Back 41

Theory Z

Front 42

What are Maslwow's Hierarchy of Needs? (5)

Back 42

1. Self-actualization
2. Self-esteem
3. Social needs
4. Safter & Security
5. Basic Survival Needs

Front 43

A general approach shared by virtually all modern theories

Back 43

Systems theory (approach)

Front 44

Body of theory that emphasizes empirical examination of org behavior, interdisciplinary research employing varied approaches, and attempts to arrive at generalizations applicable to many different kinds of orgs

Back 44

Modern Organization Theory

Front 45

Set of org theories stressing that work holds intrinsic interest for the worker and workers seek satisfaction in their work and want to work rather than avoid it (can be motivated through systems of positive incentives)

Back 45

Organizational Humanism

Front 46

Theory that orgs behave according to inputs from environment, outputs resulting from org activity, and feedback leading to further inputs
* A change in part of a system effects all other parts

Back 46

Systems Theory

Front 47

*Balance
Concept w/n open-systems theory referring to a process of spontaneous self-stabilization among parts of complex organization

Back 47

Homeostasis

Front 48

Management approach that encourages organization-wide commitment, teamwork, & better quality of results by providing incentives to increase success of whole enterprise
*Involves employees in decision making

Back 48

TQM (Total Quality Management)

Front 49

German sociologist Max Weber made the most prominent model of bureaucracy as an explicit form of social organization. What are the 5 key elements?

Back 49

1. Division of labor & functional specialization
2. Hierarchy
3. Formal framework of rules & procedures
4. Maintenance of files & other records
5. Professionalization

Front 50

Developed the theory of "scientific management" that marked the beginning of the managerial tradition in organization theory

Back 50

Frederick Taylor

Front 51

Known as the Father of the Hawthorne studies (the first major studies of the human relations approach)

Back 51

Elton Mayo

Front 52

An influential scholar who examined the nature of authority w/n orgs, concentrating on leader-follower interaction

Back 52

Chester Barnard

Front 53

Mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members striving for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action

Back 53

Groupthink

Front 54

Process in which choices are made to change an existing condition and to select a course of action most appropriate to achieving a desired objective, while minimizing rish & uncertainty to the extent deemed possible

Back 54

Decision making

Front 55

Model of decision making that stresses making decisions through limited successive comparisons, in contrast to the rational model

Back 55

Incrementalism (one piece/step at a time)

Front 56

Spokesman who argued that decision makers do not have to seek prior goal consensus in order to make sound decisions for the short run

Back 56

Charles Lindblom

Front 57

Use of formal mechanisms & statistical techniques, especially computers and simulations, to improve decision making

Back 57

Decision Analysis

Front 58

Notion that there are prescribed boundaries, controls, or upper and lower limits on the decision making abilities of individuals within orgs

Back 58

Bounded Rationality

Front 59

Those who make any disclosure of legal violations, mismanagement, gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or dangers to public health or safety, whether the disclosure is made w/n or outside the formal chain of command

Back 59

Whistle-blowers

Front 60

Private orgs representing a portion of the general adult population existing in order to pursue particular public policy objectives and seek to influence gov't activity so as to achieve their objectives

Back 60

Interest Groups

Front 61

Power of chief executives to convince legislators, administrators, and the general public that their policies should be adopted

Back 61

Political persuasion or "jawboning" (Talking)

Front 62

General political & governmental process of formulating relatively concrete goals & directions for gov't activity & proposing an overall framework of programs related to them

Back 62

Policy Development

Front 63

General political & governmental process of carrying out programs to fulfill specified policy objectives

Back 63

Policy Implementation

Front 64

Feature of administrative agencies that emphasizes gradualism, & political caution when dealing with newly selected political leadership in the executive branch

Back 64

Bureaucratic Resistance
*public agencies that resist change

Front 65

Free-form & creative technique for collecting & discussing ideas from all participants w/o criticism or judgement

Back 65

brainstorming

Front 66

Important entity in the Executive Office of the Prez that assists the prez in assembling executive-branch budget requests, coordinating programs, developing executive talent, & supervising program management processes in nat'l gov't agencies

Back 66

OMB (Office of Management & Budget)