Pta 120 Quiz 2 Part 1

Front 1

Insertion

Back 1

the more movable bone, tend to be closer to the distal end.

Front 2

origin

Back 2

the more stable bone, tend to be more proximal

Front 3

reversal of muscle action

Back 3

Is when the origin moves toward the insertion (push up) instead of the insertion moving toward the origin (bicep curl)

Front 4

Parallel muscle fibers

Back 4

tend to be longer and thus have a greater range of motion potential.

Front 5

Oblique muscle fibers

Back 5

tend to be shorter but are more numerous per given area than parallel fibers. They tend to have a greater strength potential but smaller ROM potential then parallel.

Front 6

Strap muscle

Back 6

Muscles that are long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle.

Examples:

rectus abdonominis in the trunk

sternocleidomastoid in the neck

sartorius muscle in the lower extremity

Front 7

Fusiform

Back 7

Shaped like a spindle. Wider in the middle and tapers at both ends where if attaches to the muscle. Can be any length or size and most, but not all the fibers run the length of the muscle.

Example:

elbow flexors - biceps, brachialis and chioradialis

Front 8

Rhomboidal muscle

Back 8

Four-sided, usually flat with broad attachments at each end.

Example:

pronator quadratus in the forearm

rhomboids in the shoulder girdle

gluteus maximus in the hip region

Front 9

Triangular muscle

Back 9

They are flat and fan-shaped, with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other end.

Example:

pectoralis major in the chest

Front 10

Unipennate muscles

Back 10

Looks like one side of a feather. Short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon.

Examples:

tibialis poterior muscle of the ankle

semimembranosus of the hip and knee

flexor pollicis longus muscle of the hand

Front 11

Bipennate muscle

Back 11

Looks like a common feather. Fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon.

Examples:

rectus femoris muscle of the hip

interossei muscle of the hand

Front 12

Muscle fibers picture

Back 12

Front 13

4 Functions of a muscle

1) Irritability

Back 13

The ability to respond to stimulus.

Front 14

2) Contractility

Back 14

The muscle's ability to shorten or contract when it receives adequate stimulation.

Front 15

3) Extensibility

Back 15

The muscle's ability to stretch or lengthen with a force is applied.

Front 16

4) Elasticity

Back 16

The muscle's ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed.

Front 17

Normal resting length

Back 17

The length of the muscle when it is unstimulated.

Front 18

Tension

Back 18

Refers to the force built up within a muscle.

Front 19

Active tension

Back 19

Comes from the contractile units and can be compared to releasing one end of a stretched rubber band.

Front 20

Passive tension

Back 20

Like stretching a rubber band. It involves the non-contractile units of a muscle.

Front 21

Active insufficiency

Back 21

The point at which a muscle cannot shorten any farther.

It occurs to the agonist (the muscle that is contracting).

Front 22

Passive insufficiency

Back 22

Occurs when a muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to its fibers.

Occurs to the antagonist (the muscle that is relaxed and on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist).

Front 23

Isometric contraction

Page 45

Back 23

Occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of a muscle. Joint angel does not change.

Front 24

Isotonic contraction

Back 24

Occurs when a muscle contracts and the muscle length and joint angle changes.

Front 25

Concentric contraction

Back 25

Occurs when there is joint movement, the muscles shortens, and the muscle attachments (O and I) move toward each other. (Acceleration activities) Page 45

Sometimes called a Shortening contraction.

Front 26

Eccentric contraction

Back 26

Occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen; that is, the muscle attachments separate. (Deceleration activities)

Sometimes referred to as a Lengthening contraction.

Front 27

Isokinectic contraction

Back 27

Less common and only with special equipment. The Cybex Orthotron was the first machine to produce such contractions. Resistance changes even though velocity or speed stay the same.

Front 28

4 roles of a muscle

Back 28

agonist

antagonist

stabilizer

neutralizer

Front 29

Agonist

Back 29

Is a muscle or muscle group that causes the motion. Referred to as the Prime Mover.

Front 30

Antagonist

Back 30

Is a muscle that performs the opposing motion of the agonist. It is usually relaxed when the agonist is at work.

Front 31

Stabilizer

Back 31

Is a muscle or muscle group that supports, or makes firm, a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently.

Example:

The trunk flexor muscles stabilize when you do a push-up but the elbow extensor muscles are the agonist.

Front 32

Neutralizer

Back 32

Contracts to prevent the unwanted motion. When a muscle contracts to prevent a secondary motion during movement.

Example:

During elbow flexion the pronator teres muscle contracts to prevent supination.

Front 33

Synergist

Back 33

A muscle that works with one or more other muscles to enhance a particular motion.

Front 34

Angle of pull

Page 48-49

Back 34

Is the way a muscle pulls depending on its size, angle of pull, the joint motions possible and the location of the muscle in relation to the joint axis.

Muscles with a greater vertical angel of pull will be effective in pulling the scapula up or down.

Muscles with a greater horizontal pull will be more effective at pulling the scapula in or out.

Muscles with a more equal horizontal and vertical pull will have a role in both motions.

Front 35

The nervous system

Page 53 chart 6-1

Back 35

Front 36

Neurons

Back 36

A fundamental unit of the nervous tissue.

Front 37

Cell body of a neuron

Back 37

Each neuron contains a cell body from which extends a single process, called an axon, and a variable number of branching processes called dendrites.

Front 38

Dendrites

Back 38

Are the fiber branches that receive impulses from other parts of the nervous system and bring those impulses toward the cell body.

Front 39

Axon

Back 39

Transmit impulses away from the cell body. Located on the opposite side of the dendrites and usually consist of a single branch.

Front 40

Myelin

Back 40

The fatty sheath that surround the axon and is interrupted every half millimeter.

Front 41

Node of Ranvier

Back 41

Is the breaks in the myelin.

Front 42

Gray Matter

Back 42

Areas that contain mostly unmyelinated fibers.

Front 43

White matter

Back 43

Areas that contain mostly myelinated fibers.

Front 44

Nerve fiber

Back 44

Is the conductor of impulses from the neuron.

Front 45

Synapse

Back 45

A small gap between neurons involving very complex physiological actions and is where impulses from one neuron to another occurs.

Front 46

Sensory neuron

Back 46

Has a dendrite which arises in the skin and runs all the way to its cell body in the posterior root ganglion and is located in the vertebral foramen.

Front 47

Motor neuron

Back 47

Has a large cell body with multibranched dendrites and a long axon. Located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

Front 48

Lobes of the Brain

Back 48

Front 49

Brain Stem

Back 49

Front 50

Midbrain

Back 50

Is the center for visual reflexes.

Front 51

Pons

Back 51

Is latin for "bridge" and is located between the midbrain and the medulla.

Front 52

Medulla Oblongata "Medulla"

Back 52

Is the most caudal, or inferior, portion of the brainstem. It is usually referred to as the medulla.

It is the center for automatic control of respiration and heart rate.