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68 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the definition of physical agents?
Energy and materials applied to patients to assist in rehabilitation
What are examples physical agents?
Heat/Cold
Pressure
Sound
Electromagnetic radiation
Radiation
Electrical Currents
What are the 3 categories of physical properties?
Thermal
Mechanical
Electromagnetic
What are examples of thermal agents?
Deep
Superficial
What are examples of mechanical agents?
Traction
Compression
Water
Sound
What are examples of electromagnetic agents?
Electromagnetic fields
Electric Currents
What category is A?
Thermal
What category is A?
Thermal
What category is B?
Mechanical
What category is C?
Electromagnetic
What are the goals of treatments using modalities during the initial injury stage of healing?
Prevent further injury or bleeding
Clean open wound
What are the goals of treatments using modalities during the chronic inflammation stage of healing?
Prevent/decrease joint stiffness
Control pain
Increase circulation
Progress to proliferation stage
What are the goals of treatments using modalities during the remodeling stage of healing?
Regain or maintain strength
Regain or maintain flexibility
Control scar tissue formation
What are the effective agents used during the initial injury stage of tissue healing?
Static compression
Cryotherapy
Hydrotherapy
What are the effective agents used during the chronic inflammation stage of tissue healing?
Thermotherapy
Motor ES
Whirlpool
Fluidotherapy
ES
Laser
Compression
Hydrotherapy
What are the effective agents used during the remodeling stage of tissue healing?
Motor ES
Water Exercise
Thermotherapy
Brief Ice Massage
Compression
What are the effects of physical agents during initial injury?
Clean
Immobilize
Compress
RICE
Thermotherapy
What are the effects of physical agents during inflammation?
Change rates of circulation
And chemical reactions
Control motion
Alter fluid flow
Alter cell function
Membrane permeability and transport
Helps move more quickly through inflam. stage
Increases enzyme activity rate
Promotes collagen deposition
What are the effects of physical agents during acute inflammation?
Control edema, pain, bleeding, mediators
Progress to proliferative stage
What are the effects of physical agents during chronic inflammation?
Prevent/decrease joint stiffness
Control pain
Increase circulation
What are the effects of physical agents during proliferation?
Control scar tissue
Blood flow
Maintain strength and flexibility
What are the effects of physical agents during maturation?
Regain or maintain strength
Control scar tissue
What are the majority of nociceptors, slow conducting—second component of pain?
C Fibers
What are the type of nociceptors? What are their key characteristics?
Alpha-Sigma Subsets: myelinated, long and short latency

C Subsets: unmyelinated
What are key points to suprspinal pain modulation?
Synaptic relay points excited, or inhibited
Descend back to spinal cord to innervate spinal interneurons in dorsal horn
Release of endogenous opiates, which inhibit the second order sensory neurons
What are the different states of pain?
Acute
Referred
Persistent
Abnormal
Chronic
What are different ways to assess pain?
Severity (pain scales)
Location (body diagram)
Quality (word descriptors)
Observation of nonverbal cues (facial expression and posture)
Mode of onset, duration, provoking and relieving factors (history)
What are the pain theories?
Specificity
Pattern
New
What is the specificity pain theory?
Von Frey: pain sensation is dependent on stimulation of specialized nerve endings for each sensation, i.e. heat for heat
What is the pattern pain theory?
Sensation of pain results from increase in frequency or intensity of receptor stimulation—summation
What is the new pain theory?
Combination of specificity and patter. There are specialized receptors and CNS modulates
What is the pain-spasm-pain cycle?
Nociceptor activation resulting in t-cell activation stimulation an anterior horn cell to cause a muscle fiber to contract, resulting in accumulation of fluid and tissue irritants and mechanical compression of the nociceptor and increasing nociceptor activation
What are sympathetic nervous system influences?
Heart rate, blood pressure, vessel constriction, sweating
Increase in severity and in exaggerated signs and symptoms
Many names: causalgia, RSD, shoulder-hand syndrome, posttraumatic dystrophy, Sudeck’s atrophy
Now called: complex regional pain syndrome
What is complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)?
Out of proportion pain
Hyperesthesia
Allodynia
Trophic changes: skin atrophy, hyperhidrosis, edema, splotches, decreased hair growth
Most common in hands
Associated with frozen shoulder
What are characteristics of having a high specific heat?
Require more energy to heat up
Hold more energy at a given temp.
More caution—have to apply at lower temp.
What is the specific heat of important materials?
What are different modes of heat transfer?
Conduction
Convection
Conversion
Radiation
Evaporation
What are examples of conduction?
Ice Packs
Heat Packs
What are examples of convection?
Whirlpool
Fluidotherapy
What are examples of conversion?
Ultrasound
Diathermy
What are examples of radiation?
Infrared lamps
What are examples of evaporation?
Vapocoolant spray
What are effects of cold?
Hemodynamic
Neuromuscular
Metabolic
What are precautions of cold?
What are contraindications of cold?
What are clinical applications of cold?
Control:Inflammation, Pain, Edema
Allow ROM
Reduce muscle spasm
What are adverse effects of cryotherapy?
Frostbite
Nerve damage
Nerve block
No more than 45 minutes of application
What is to be documented when using cryotherapy?
Area
Agent used
Duration
Position
Response
What are effects of heat?
Neuromuscular
Increased Pain Threshold
Decreased Muscle Strength
Increased Metabolism
Increased Tissue Extensibility
What are clinical used for heat?
Pain control
Increased ROM
Accelerated Healing
What are contraindications of heat?
What are precautions of heat?
What are adverse effects of heat?
Burns
Fainting
Bleeding
Skin/eye damage from infrared
What is to be documented when using heat?
Area
Agent used
Treatment parameters: temp., insulation and amount, distance from patient, position, duration, response
What is A?
Compression
What is B?
Rarefaction
What does this figure represent?
Attenuation
What is attenuation?
Gradual decrease in intensity as it passes through tissue
What is A?
Thermal
What is B?
Non-thermal
What is acoustic streaming?
Circular flow of fluids—transport of material across ultrasound field
What is microstreaming?
Microscale eddying around the gas bubbles
What is cavitation?
Formation, growth, and pulsation of gas-filled bubbles due to compression/rarefaction
What is '"x"?
Effective Radiating Area (ERA)
What does this figure represent?
Beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR)
What are contraindications of ultrasound?
What are precautions of ultrasound?
What are adverse effects of ultrasound?
Standing waves—blood cell stasis
Burns
Cross-contamination/ infection