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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
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the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce activity and slow body functions |
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a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
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a sleep disorder characterized by a high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
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non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep |
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opium and its derivatives, (such as morphine and heroin); they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
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rapid eye moment sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
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periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up the body functions |
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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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End of unit 5
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Unit 6 Beginning |
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learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning |
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the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it) |
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce
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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
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in classical conditioned, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced |
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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses |
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an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |
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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. |
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by faborable consequences become more like, that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy |
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment) |
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learning by observing others (also social learning) |
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher |
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response |
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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