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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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In addition to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the ____ appears to play an important role in initiating sustained emotional responses of anxiety when danger signals are unclear |
In addition to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the BNST appears to play an important role in initiating sustained emotional responses of anxiety when danger signals are unclear |
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What had been implicated as a risk factor or triggers in panic disorder? (3 answers) |
-Genetic predisposition to panic |
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The duration of action of benzodiazapines_______ |
depends on whether the drugs are redistributed to fat and muscle depots |
depends on whether the drugs are redistributed..... |
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3 symptoms of mania |
-flight of ideas -distractibility -elation |
decrease in goal directed activity is not one of them |
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Endocrine disruptors that act as thyroid hormone mimetics can produce ____ effects, by ____ or ____ effects by producing negative feedback to the pituitary and ultimately decreasing _____ |
Endocrine disruptors that act as thyroid hormone mimetics can produce hyperthyroid-like effects, by acting on target issues or hypothyroid-like effects by producing negative feedback to the pituitary and ultimately decreasing T3 and t4 |
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In children, acute high dose OP poisoning typically produces |
Seizures and coma |
p-octylphenol |
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Disruption of ____ appears to be the neurotoxin mechanism of mercury in the adult brain, while in the developing brain it is likely to be _____ |
Disruption of protein synthesis appears to be the neurotoxin mechanism of mercury in the adult brain, while in the developing brain it is likely to be disruption of neuronal migration |
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Recently developed models of mania include ____ and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in _____ |
Recently developed models of mania include sleep deprivation and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in the circadian clock |
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3 potential side effcts of tricyclic antidepressants |
-sedation -confusion -urinary retentions |
hypertension is not one |
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3 subtypes of schizophrenia |
-catatonic -undifferentiated -paranoid |
delusional is not one |
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what model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroatomical findings concerning the disorder? |
the neurodevelopmental model |
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the newest antipsychotic medications are |
dopamine system stabalizers |
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Parkinsons disease dimentia affects approximatelys ______ of patients after 15 years of disease progression |
Parkinsons disease dimentia affects approximatelys 70% of patients after 15 years of disease progression |
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What is the correct order of degeneration in Alzheimers disease |
1.entorhinal cortex 2. hippocampus 3. neocoretx |
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The comorbidity of HD with psychiatric symptoms/disorders is promblematic for treatment of HD symptoms. Decreasing excess movement is acheived therapeutically by ____ or _____ but these treatments can lead to ____ and ______ |
The comorbidity of HD with psychiatric symptoms/disorders is promblematic for treatment of HD symptoms. Decreasing excess movement is acheived therapeutically by depleting vesicular DA or blocking DA receptors but these treatments can lead to depression and parkinsonism |
HD-Huntingtons Disease |
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Tobacco leaves |
could be smoked in pipes, chewed or even snorted in a form called snuff |
how do you administer |
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Symptoms of nicotine abstinence syndrome? |
-insomnia -trouble concentrating -restlessness |
3. weight loss is not one |
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3 statements about caffeine |
-the average intake of caffeine in the US is 200-400 mg a day -tea contains both caffeine and theophylline both stimulants -children are avid consumers of caffeine in the form of soda and chocolate |
false-50% of adults consume caffeine |
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caffeines antagonism of both ___ and ___ receptors, especially in the striatum, is important in arousing and activating effects of the drug |
caffeines antagonism of both A1 and A2A receptors, especially in the striatum, is important in arousing and activating effects of the drug
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A |
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3 forms of marijuana or cannabis derivatives |
hasish, sinemilla, hash oil |
anandamide is not one |
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Concerning the time course of THC levels and route of administration |
plasma levels of THC peak more rapidly following injection or oral administration of the drug |
plasma levels of THC peak.... |
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Withdrawal symptoms observed following long term heavy marijuana use |
depressed mood. aggression, decreased appetite |
increased sleep is not one |
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most substantiated health effects of chronic marijuana use |
-increased risk of bronchitis -decreased resistance to vial infections -increased development of precancerous lung conditions |
reduction in reproductive function is least substantiated |
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3 hallucinogenic drugs |
mescaline LSD DMT |
5-HT is not one |
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most hallucinogenics resemble either ____ or _____ in their chemical structure |
most hallucinogenics resemble either phenethylamines or indolamines in their chemical structure
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how are PCP and ketamine administered |
orally inhalation (smoking) intramuscularly |
transdermally is not one |
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studies involving chronic PCP or ketamine administration to non human primates and rodents have demonstrated all the following neurobiological changes |
-reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the prefontal cortex -apoptic cell death in the developing brain -a reduction of the glutamatergic synapses in the prefontal cortex |
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effect of inhalants on the CNS |
enhance GABAA receptors
block NMDA glutamate receptors activate DA in the VTA |
they do not inhibit activity of glycine receptors |
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symptom experienced after high doses of GHB |
-vomitting-ataxia-dizziness |
rapid respirations is not one
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what pattern of use might an endurance athlete or a sprinter choose |
low doses |
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According to the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and health, 133 million Americans ____ and more than 68 million Americans _____ |
According to the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and health, 133 million Americans drank alcohol and more than 68 million Americans used tobacco |
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Through classical conditioning environmental stimuli associated with ____ can cause relapse via ____ |
Through classical conditioning environmental stimuli associated with withdrawal states can cause relapse via conditioned withdrawal and craving |
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The concept of incentive-sensitization distinguishes between _____ and _______ |
The concept of incentive-sensitization distinguishes between "hot" and ventral |
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The first alcoholic beverage was |
mead |
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Limited alcohol consumption (less than three per day) may improve cognitive function by... |
increasing blood flow, and thus oxygen, to the brain |
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Alcohol increases synaptic levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by |
increasing the firing rate of cells in the VTA |
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Disulfiram makes consumption of alcohol unpleasant because it |
blocks the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid |
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All of the following are effects of the class of drugs called narcotic |
relaxation, pain reduction, euphoria |
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The opioid propeptides |
are processed by proteases into both opiate the non-opioid peptides |
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Both "early" and "late" pain activate the |
secondary somatosensory cortex |
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why is methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse |
-long-lasting drug, producing stable blood levels across the day -it is cross-tolerant with abused opiates, so it can reduce the effects of morphine and heroin with repeated use -it produces no euphoria or craving when administered orally in clinics |
it is reinforcing effect when administered intravenously |
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which is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine |
vasoconstriction |
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cocaine binges |
result in a period of exhaustion, depression, and cravings |
result in.... |
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amphetamine and related psychostimulants in the amphetamine-like family |
resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure |
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Name 3 catecholamines |
dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine |
Not glutamine |
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Dopamine transporter knockout mice and hyperactive relative to wild-type mice because |
the dopaminergic neurons cannot remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft |
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B1 and B2 adrenoreceptors ___ while A2 receptors |
stimulate adenylyl cyclase inhibit adenylyl cyclase |
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Popular culture has featured serotonin as the culprit in many disorders or conditions. What are 3 |
obesity anxiety violence |
ADHD is not one |
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Pharmacologists have identified at least ___ different receptor sub types for serotonin most of which are _____ |
Pharmacologists have identified at least 14 different receptor sub types for serotonin most of which are metabotropic |
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Anti-migraine drugs known as triptans act as ____ and cause ____ of blood vessels |
Anti-migraine drugs known as triptans act as 5-HT1B/1D agonists and cause constriction of blood vessels |
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enhancement of _____ function and thus enhancement of learning and memory can result from the administration of ____ agonists which serve to ____ the postsynaptic cell |
enhancement of cholinergic function and thus enhancement of learning and memory can result from the administration of 5-HT4 agonists which serve to depolarize the postsynaptic cell |
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3 facts about curare |
-it produces paralysis and stops respiration -it is used on the tips of arrows by native tribes in south america -by taking it themselves scientists determined that it does not reduce consciousness |
untrue - it can be used as an adjunct anesthetic and sedative for surgical procedures |
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acetlycholine is found in all of the following locations in the PNS except the |
sympathetic nervous system |
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nicotinic receptors found on muscle cells require binding of ____ molecules of ACh and are composed of ____ subunits a ____ subunit one y and either an 0 or an E subunit |
nicotinic receptors found on muscle cells require binding of two molecules of ACh and are composed of two subunits a A1:B1 subunit one y and either an 0 or an E subunit |
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3 drug/action pairings |
Vesamicol-inhibits vesicular uptake of ACh Atropine-muscarinic receptor antagonist Sarin-irreversibly inhibits AChE |
Incorrect-Physostigimine-inhibits choline reuptake |
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3 facts about the NMDA receptor |
-it opens channels for both sodium and calcium -it can activate second messengers -it is responsive to both glutamate and glycine |
Incorrect-it is blocked by NBQX |
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3 facts about Doogie Mice |
-they show enhanced fear conditioning -they perform better on a spacial navigation task -they demonstrate preference for a novel object on a LTM task |
False-they show decreased sensitivity to pain |
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The GABA A receptor |
is stimulated by the intoxicant drug muscimol |
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___ refers to specific molecular changes that occur when a drug binds to a particular target site or receptor, while ____ are the resulting widespread alterations in function |
drug action refers to specific molecular changes that occur when a drug binds to a particular target site or receptor, while drug effects are the resulting widespread alterations in function |
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Biotransformation of drugs can result in the formation of _____ which enter the circulation and cause _______ |
Biotransformation of drugs can result in the formation of active metabolites which enter the circulation and cause prolonged drug action
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Most drugs and neurotransmitter act upon |
membrane-bound recpetors |
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____-tolerance occurs as a result of cellular adaption to the presence of a specific drug |
Pharmacodynamic-tolerance occurs as a result of cellular adaption to the presence of a specific drug |
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Neurons rely on ___ for protection, metabolic support and insulations |
Neurons rely on glial cells for protection, metabolic support and insulations |
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the primary immune response in the CNS comes from the action of |
microgilia |
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Action potentials are first generated at the axon hillock because this is where ____ are located |
Action potentials are first generated at the axon hillock because this is where voltage-gated NA+ channels are located |
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Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called ___ and their associated bundles of axons are called __ |
Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called nuclei and their associated bundles of axons are called tracts |
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Otto Loewi's experiment with frog hearts was important because it demonstrated that |
Otto Loewi's experiment with frog hearts was important because it demonstrated that the idea of chemical neurotransmission is correct |
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Ligand-gated ion channels are ___ G protein coupled receptors are ____ |
Ligand-gated ion channels are fast/ionotropic G protein coupled receptors are slow/metabotropic |
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The primary treatment for Parkinson's disease is the administration of L-DPOA because this drug |
is the synthetic precursor to dopamine |
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Steroid hormones bind to ___ receptors which act as ____ when activated and regulate gene expression |
Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors which act as transcription factors when activated and regulate gene expression |
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Which drug will animals not self administer |
antidepressants
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If a researcher wanted to disrupt a specific neurotransmitter pathway which of the following methods would be most useful
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6-hydroxydopamine |
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In situ hybridization (ISH) is used |
for detection of messenger RNA molecules |
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After drug administration has occurred the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific target sites is/are referred to as |
Bioavailability |
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3 facts about drug clearance by first-order kinects? |
-molecules of drug are cleared at an exponential rate -a constant fraction of the free drug in the blood is removed in each time interval -clearance of the most drugs occurs in this manner |
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while pharmacokinetics describes how the body deals with drugs _____ describes how drug molecules interact with their target |
while pharmacokinetics describes how the body deals with drugs pharmacodynamics describes how drug molecules interact with their target
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What can cause tolerance |
-conditioning factors -increased activity of liver enzymes -decreased kidney function |
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Neurons responsible for converting environmental stimuli into neural signals are known as |
sensory neurons |
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Many ion channels are not normally open but must be gated or opened by some event. what are 3 typical means of opening ion channels |
-binding of neurotransmitter to external binding site -change in voltage across the membrane -phosphorylation by an intracellular second messenger |
enzymatic reactions is not one |
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3 facts about local potentials? |
-they are generated on the dendrites and cell body -they move passively along the membrane -they are integrated at the axon hillock |
not true-they only occur if the threshold is reached |
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A ____ section of the brain is cut parallel to the face |
A coronal section of the brain is cut parallel to the face
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The most common type of synapse in the brain is the _____ synapse |
The most common type of synapse in the brain is the axodendritic synapse
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3 facts about ionotropic receptors? |
-they rapidly increase cellular effects -they are composed of several subunits -binding of an agonist opens an ion channel |
false-G proteins are activated upon binding of neurotransmitter |
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Neurotrophic factors are generally involved in regulating |
long term changes such as gene expression |
...such as gene expression |
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Releasing hormones from the ____ enter the blood stream in the median eminance and act on the _____ causing the release of various hormones |
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus enter the blood stream in the median eminance and act on the anterior pituitary causing the release of various hormones
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In recent human drug discrimination study ______ was subjectively experienced to be similar to _____ |
In recent human drug discrimination study baclofen was subjectively experienced to be similar to THC
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There are multiple accidents of nature that help researchers understand the relationship between brain damage and behaviour in humans,. Name 3 |
Phineas Gage's injury Tumors Trauma |
Psychosurgery is not one |
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In radioligand binding studies _____ represents the number of binding sites and _____ is an indication of receptor affinity |
In radioligand binding studies Bmax represents the number of binding sites and Kd is an indication of receptor affinity
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The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines is? |
Tyrosine Hydroxylase |
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3 facts about D2 dopamine receptors? |
-They function as autoreceptors -They inhibit adenylyl cyclase and decrease the synthesis of cAMP -They enhance k+ channel opening via activation of a G protein |
they act as normal synaptic neurons |
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Norepinephrine produced in cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia |
can act on the heart and other organs |
can act on... |
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In the treatment of hypertension, prazosin _____, while propranolol ____ |
In the treatment of hypertension, prazosin blocks A1 receptors and causes constriction of blood vessels, while propranolol blocks B receptors in the heart and increases the contractile force |
A and B receptors |
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Another name for serotonin is |
5-hydroxytryptamine |
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Most of the cell bodies that produce serotnin in the CNS are found in the |
raphe nuclei |
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Drugs that act as agonists at 5-HT2A receptors produce a characteristic "head twitch" response in rodents and ___ in humans |
Drugs that act as agonists at 5-HT2A receptors produce a characteristic "head twitch" response in rodents and hallucinations in humans
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3 facts about serotonin and anxiety? |
-Buspirone is an effective antianxiety medication and a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors -Knockout mice lacking 5-HT1a receptors show increased anxiety on the elevated zero maze -Knockout mice lacking 5-HT2a receptors show decreased anxiety like behaviours |
False-5HT-2A/2C receptor agonist mCPP is an effective antianxiety medication |
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In acetylcholine synthesis |
the choline comes from the diet and the liver |
The choline comes from.. |
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The drug ___was used during the Gulf War as a protective antidote to nerve gas |
The drug pyridostigmine bromide was used during the Gulf War as a protective antidote to nerve gas
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3 activities of the nicotinic receptor? |
=the channel opens rapidly and depolarization occurs -sodium and/or calcium ions enter the next cell -prolonged stimulation of receptors can lead to desensitization |
false-nicotine receptors in the muscles are more sensitive than those in the CNS |
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The NDMA receptor channel can be blocked by all of the following |
-PCP -MK-801 -Ketamine |
Not blocked by CA2 + ions |
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What processes occur in LTP |
-The AMPA receptor mediated ESPS is facilitated (Excitatory post synaptic potentials) -Calcium influx activates protein kinases -AMPA receptors incrrease in number and sensitivity |
(Long term potentiation) |
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Areas rich in GABA |
Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Hippocampus |
NOT raphe nuclei |
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In the US the most commonly used illicit drug is |
marijuana |
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In general, drugs of abuse ____ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation |
In general, drugs of abuse decrease the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation
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The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporate which neuroatomical structures? |
amygdala nucleus accumbens ventral pallidum |
Not the cerebellum |
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which of the following best represents the involvement of epigenetics in the progression to addiction |
-environmental stimuli -acute drug expose -epigenetic changes -modified gene expression -repeated drug exposure/addiction |
gene expression, stimuli, drug exposure etc |
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During fermentation yeast converts each ___ molecule into two molecules of ___ and two molecules of carbon |
During fermentation yeast converts each sugar molecule into two molecules of alcohol and two molecules of carbon
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The memory disturbances seen in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome include |
loss of short term, immediate memory with retention of distant memories |
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Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both ___ the effects of ___ at ____ receptors |
Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both enhance the effects of GABA at GABA A receptors |
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In the ____ method of genetic study, genes of affected and uneffected individuals who are not related are compared to search for alleles that may be common among affected individuals |
In the case control method of genetic study, genes of affected and uneffected individuals who are not related are compared to search for alleles that may be common among affected individuals
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Look up linkage study, case control, selective breeding, family history |
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3 facts about opium |
-it was once a popular remedy for women in the form of laudanum -it replaced alcohol as the most popular recreational drug in some cultures -it was given to infants and children |
false-it has a long history of recreational use but has only recently been used medicinally |
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What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from the receptor cloning studies |
The receptors appear to be metabotropic |
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"First"or early pain |
typically triggers withdrawal and escape responses |
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The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome |
Can be explained as a form of rebound CNS hyperactivity |
can be explained as.... |
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Psychostimulant injections |
have their reinforcing effects effictively blocked by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens |
have their reinforcing effects effectively blocked... |
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3 statements about early cocaine use
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-most users experiment with legal drugs such as alcohol before using cocaine -cocaine is often used as a way to reduce anxiety or depression -the most common route for beginning users is intranasal administartion |
false-cocaine use typically begins at age 10 |
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Vaccines against cocaine |
could act by creating antibodies that bind the cocaine molecules, reducing the amount of drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier |
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Nicotine enters |
a smoker's lungs on particles of tar |
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Various models argue that smoking provides certain advantages to smoking. What are 3? |
-smoking allows the smoker greater mood control, specifically by controlling nicotine delivery -smoking provides increased concentration for the smoker -smoking reduces the irritability and stress that occurs between cigarettes |
false-smoking allows the smoker a time of increased energy and activity |
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Nicotine replacement therapy |
is generally very easy to use and in most cases allows for flexible rapid dosing |
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Severe caffeinism can be indistinguishable from |
an anxiety disorder |
what disorder |
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3 statements about marijuana |
-hemp has important non drug purposes, and is used in rope cloth and paper -cannabis plants contain more than 60 different cannabinoids some with psychoactive properties that make the plant attractive as a drug -religious use of marijuana dates back to ancient china and india |
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One of the most reliable physiological effects of cannabis use in humans is |
increased hunger |
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According to research what factors are most likely to encourage an individual to progress from occasional to heavy marijuana use |
the persons first experiences with marijuana were positive |
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Recent imaging studies have demonstrated some evidence of abnormalities or alterations in several brain structures, including the ______ and the ______ |
Recent imaging studies have demonstrated some evidence of abnormalities or alterations in several brain structures, including the hippocampus and the anteior cingulate cortex
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What characteristics do all hallucinogenic drugs have in common? |
-they are sometimes taken for spiritual and mystical experiences -they can cause cognitive distortions -they produce novel perceptual experiences |
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Which of the following occur during the plateau or peak of an LSD trip |
-experiences of bizarre and sometimes frightening images -crossing-over of sensations -time sense distortion |
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3 facts regarding PCP |
-it was first tested by a pharmaceutical company as a possible anaesthetic agent -it has a high therapeutic index as it does not cause respiratory depression -it is not clinically useful because of side effects of agitation, hallucinations and violence |
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3 statements about the use and abuse of ketamine |
-many abusers of ketamine are medical or veterinary practitioners -a number of intellectuals experimented with ketamine as a mind expanding drug similar to LSD -ketamines use is difficult to track but it is increasing at popular events such as raves |
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Many inhalants enhance the activity of ______ receptors and inhibit the activity of _____ |
Many inhalants enhance the activity of GABA A receptors and inhibit the activity of NMDA
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3 facts about date rape drugs |
-they cause amnesia for the rape, which limits the ability to prosecute the rapist -the government reently passed legislation to increase penalties for sale or possession of these drugs -the pharmaceutical company has reformulated rohyphnol so that it turns blue when dissolved in alcohol to discourage its use as a rape drug |
false-drink safe coaster is a reliable way to test drinks for rohyphnol and GHB |
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The core structure of anabolic steroids is formed by |
testosterone |
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Animal studies of neurotoxicant exposure |
are useful for investigating relationships between duration of exposure and end points |
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3 facts about pyrethroid insecticides |
-they are tightly bound to soil and do not contaminate ground water -though diverse they all have alcohol moiety and acid moiety -in humans they are metabolized by the cytochrome P450s |
False- once in the soil they remain for months to years |
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The likelihood of neurotoxicant consequences from arsenic exposure depends in part on which form of the compound is encountered. ____ and ____ are water soluable and are thus easily consumed in drinking water and _____ is absorbed from the GI tract |
The likelihood of neurotoxicant consequences from arsenic exposure depends in part on which form of the compound is encountered. As5+ and As3+ are water soluable and are thus easily consumed in drinking water and 80-90% is absorbed from the GI tract
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Acute anxiety can be most effectively treated with |
benzodiazapine medications |
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3 facts about phobias |
-they involve fears that the person recognizes as extreme or irrational -they are in part determined by culture, fro example the chines often fear the cold and loss of body heat -they are effectively treated by having the person relax while the presenting feared stimulus in gradually increasing intensites |
false- they are rarely so sever that they effect the quality of a persons life |
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What are 3 advantages benzodiazapines have over barbituates |
-benzodiazapines have a higher therapeutic index -there is an antagonist drug available to reverse the effects of benzodiazapine overdose but not barbituate overdose -the withdrawal syndrome following use of benzodiazapines is milder than that of the barbituates and is not life threatening |
false-there is more metabolic tolerance with benzodiazapines that the barbituates |
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3 symptoms of major depression? |
-loss of appetite -insominia -agitation |
-not a dulled sense of pain |
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3 statements about new research into biochemical models for mood disorders? |
-the monoamine hypothesis needs to be updated with information that explains the slow onset of the clinical effects on drugs -PEt scans and MRI can be used to discriminate between people with and without mood disorders in order to contribute to new models -new models will have to consider multiple neurotransmitter systems and how they interact |
-false- animal models are no longer useful in the search for modern biochemical models for human conditions |
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What is the major advantages of the second generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs? |
they produce different and less harmful side effects than the older medications |
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
TCA-Tricyclic antidepressants |
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3 symptoms of schizophrenia |
-auditory hallucinations -delsuions of persecution -vague or illogical speech/speech anxiety |
severe anxiety is not one of the, |
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the phenothiazines are |
are the largest and most commonly used class of antipsychotic medications |
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3 facts about broad spectrum antipsychotics |
-they block many receptor types in addition to the D2 receptor -they include the first discovered atypical neuroleptic, clozapine -they work best with some combination of D2 and H-HT2 receptor blockade |
-false-they typically show high affinity for D1 receptors |
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3 motor dysfunctions seen in Parkinsons disease |
-Bradykinesia -pill-rolling tremor -rigidity |
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Familial cases of AD (known as autosomal dominant Alzheimers disease) are caused by mutations of ____ genes, including _____ and make up ____ of cases |
Familial cases of AD (known as autosomal dominant Alzheimers disease) are caused by mutations of deterministic genes, including presenilin and make up 2-5% of cases
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3 facts about ALS |
-death is caused by respiratory failure as motor neurons controlling this process are lost -protein aggregates known as spheroids are present in degenerating neurons -both heridity and nonhereditary cases have been seen but genes have not been identified |
-false-abnormal eye movement may serve as a marker for the disease prior to other symptoms |
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