Psychopharm Exam 1

Front 1

Dendrites

Back 1

Large and small branches of the neuron which receive messages from other neurons through multiple molecular receptors

Hint 1

Similar to tree branches

Front 2

Cell Body (Soma)

Back 2

Contains vital parts of the cell including nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, etc

Hint 2

Structure of Neuron

Front 3

Axon

Back 3

Long slender tube that carries messages from the soma to its terminal buttons

Hint 3

Tube between cell body and terminal button

Front 4

Terminal buttons

Back 4

Found at the ends of the axon containing small sacks or vesicles that hold chemical messengers or neurotransmitters

Hint 4

End of the structure of a neuron

Front 5

Synaptic Action (Synapse)

Back 5

Buttons deliver neurotransmitters to other neurons across a physical gap

Hint 5

Between the terminal button of one neuron and a dendrite of another/ or between a terminal button on one neuron and the soma of another

Front 6

Neuronal Communication

Back 6

Electronically (within the neuron) and Chemically (between neurons)

Hint 6

In central nervous system (CNS)

Front 7

Endogenous

Back 7

Come from within the body (i.e. Endorphins, insulin, adrenalin)

Hint 7

i.e. Endorphins, insulin, adrenalin

Front 8

Exogenous

Back 8

Come from outside the body and the introduced inside

Hint 8

I.e. Caffeine, vitamins, herbs, medications

Front 9

How does information flow through neurons?

Back 9

Dendrites collect electrical signals> cell body integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon> axon passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to an effector cell

Hint 9

The beginning, middle, and end of information flow

Front 10

Electrical properties of neural transmission

Back 10

All about the difference in ion concentrations inside and outside the cell

Hint 10

Contains 4 properties

Front 11

Four properties of electrical neural transmission

Back 11

Resting potential, depolarized, action potential, hyperpolarized

Hint 11

R,D,A,H

Front 12

Resting Potential

Back 12

The unexcited resting state in which the average electrical difference between the inside and the outside of the cell is about -70 mV

Hint 12

Outside being more negative

Front 13

Depolarized

Back 13

The cell is significantly stimulated generating a message/electrical impulse

Hint 13

Two types of messages

Front 14

Inhibitory Message

Back 14

Decrease likelihood message will be sent

Hint 14

Chances lowered

Front 15

Excitory Message

Back 15

Increases likelihood message will be sent

Hint 15

Heighten chances

Front 16

Action Potential

Back 16

The electrical message/impulse which is produced when a neuron's resting potential becomes depolarized

Hint 16

Less negative inside

Front 17

Hyperpolarized

Back 17

The cell briefly becomes more polarized before it returns to a relaxed state

Hint 17

No action

Front 18

Chemical Neural Transmission

Back 18

All about bridging the synapse

Hint 18

Exocytosis

Signal Transduction

Front 19

Exocytosis

Back 19

When the action potential reaches the terminal buttons, neurotransmitters are released by this process

Hint 19

Four Stages

Front 20

Exocytosis Stage 1

Back 20

Axon potential travels along axon to terminal button

Front 21

Exocytosis Stage 2

Back 21

Action potential causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane

Hint 21

Combining or fusing one thing to another

Front 22

Exocytosis Stage 3

Back 22

Action potential causes calcium ions to release vesicles of neurotransmitters into synapse

Hint 22

The message/impulse produced at resting potential

Front 23

Exocytosis Stage 4

Back 23

Neurotransmitters release into synapse

Hint 23

The actual release

Front 24

Signal transduction

Back 24

Postsynaptic membrane receives message

Hint 24

Ligand-gated ion channel receptor/ G protein-linked receptor

Front 25

Postsynaptic Membrane

Back 25

When neurotransmitters are received by receptors on postsynaptic membrane

Hint 25

Occurs either during hyperpolarization or depolarization

Front 26

Ligand-gated ion channel receptor

Back 26

An ion channel opens when a ligand binds to the receptor site,

Hint 26

Then EITHER hyperpolarization or deplolarization occur

Front 27

G protein-linked receptor

Back 27

Chemical effects activate a 2nd messenger inside the cell (most famous is cyclic AMP)

Hint 27

Aka "the second messenger approach"

Front 28

Three main neurotransmitters involved:

Back 28

Catecholamines: Dopamine and Norepinephrine

Indolamine: Serotonin

Hint 28

Emotion and behavior

Front 29

Three main amino acids involved

Back 29

GABA, Glycine, Glutamate

Hint 29

Emotion and behavior: 3 G's

Front 30

Dopamine and Norepinephrine

Back 30

-synthesized from tyrosine (amino acid that comes from diet)

-starts as food>converts to L-DOPA> to dopamine> then some into norepinephrine

-thought to mediate anxiety, fear, and stress responses

Hint 30

Closely related

Front 31

Serotonin

Back 31

Synthesized from tryptophan (from diet)

-starts as food> then converted to 5-HTP> then produces serotonin

-mood, anxiety, arousal, irritability, cognition, appetite, sleep-wake cycles and obsessions

Hint 31

Indolamine

Front 32

Agonist

Back 32

Chemical compound that activates the receptor site to cause some sort of biochemical cascade via structural change in the receptor protein/ increases the availability or action of a neurotransmitter

Hint 32

aGOnists

Front 33

Affinity

Back 33

The degree of attraction between a molecule and its receptor

Front 34

Efficacy

Back 34

The degree to which a compound may bind to receptor site, and initiate a biochemical cascade

Front 35

Partial Agonist

Back 35

Bind to and activate a given receptor but have only partial efficacy at the receptor compared to a full agonist

Front 36

Ways that drugs can agonize

Back 36

Stimulate release

Receptor binding

Inhibition of reputable

Inhibition of deactivation

Promote synthesis

Front 37

Antagonist

Back 37

-Produce no cellular effect after binding to a receptor site (low efficacy, variable affinity)

-By binding the can "block" receptor sites and prevent other agonists or antagonists from binding

-Decreases the availability or action of a neurotransmitter

Hint 37

ant(I)agonists

Front 38

Ways that's drugs can antagonize

Back 38

-block release

-receptor blocker

-prevent synthesis

Hint 38

Front 39

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 39

-Brain

-Spinal Cord

Front 40

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 40

-Autonomic

-Somatic

-Sympathetic

-Parasympathetic

Front 41

Homeostasis

Back 41

-the body wants to return to a balance