Psychology:memory (Modules 24-28)

Front 1

memory

Back 1

Any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is out ability to store and retrieve information.

Hint 1

346

Front 2

flashbulb memory

Back 2

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Hint 2

347

Front 3

encoding

Back 3

The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.

Hint 3

348

Front 4

storage

Back 4

The retention of encoded information over time.

Hint 4

348

Front 5

retrieval

Back 5

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Hint 5

348

Front 6

sensory memory

Back 6

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Hint 6

348

Front 7

short-term memory

Back 7

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as a seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Hint 7

348

Front 8

long-term memory

Back 8

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Hint 8

348

Front 9

working memory

Back 9

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Hint 9

348

Front 10

automatic processing

Back 10

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info, such as word meaning.

Hint 10

351

Front 11

effortful processing

Back 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Hint 11

351

Front 12

rehearsal

Back 12

The conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Hint 12

351

Front 13

spacing effect

Back 13

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better longterm retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Hint 13

353

Front 14

serial position effect

Back 14

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Hint 14

353

Front 15

visual encoding

Back 15

The encoding of picture images.

Hint 15

354

Front 16

acoustic encoding

Back 16

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Hint 16

354

Front 17

semantic encoding

Back 17

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Hint 17

354

Front 18

imagery

Back 18

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Hint 18

355

Front 19

Ebbinghaus estimated that compared with learning nonsense material, learning meaningful material required...

Back 19

one-tenth the effort.

Hint 19

355

Front 20

mnemonic

Back 20

(after the Greek word for memory) memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Hint 20

356

Front 21

chunking

Back 21

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Hint 21

357

Front 22

iconic memory

Back 22

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture=-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Hint 22

361

Front 23

echoic memory

Back 23

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.

Hint 23

361

Front 24

long-term potentiation (LPT)

Back 24

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Hint 24

365

Front 25

amnesia

Back 25

The loss of memory.

Hint 25

365

Front 26

implicit memory

Back 26

Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also call procedural memory)

Hint 26

366

Front 27

explicit memory

Back 27

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory)

Hint 27

366

Front 28

hippocampus

Back 28

A neural center that is located in the limbic system that is responsible for processing explicit memories for storage.

Hint 28

367

Front 29

Damage to the hippocampus

Back 29

Damage to the left-hippocampus cause trouble remembering verbal information, but they have no trouble recalling visual designs and locations. For those with the right-hippocampus damage, the problem is reversed.

Hint 29

367

Front 30

recall

Back 30

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in-the-blank test.

Hint 30

371

Front 31

recognition

Back 31

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Hint 31

371

Front 32

relearning

Back 32

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Hint 32

371

Front 33

priming

Back 33

The activation of particular associations in memory, often unconscious.

Hint 33

372

Front 34

state-dependent memory

Back 34

What we learn in one state-be joyful or sad, drunk or sober-is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that state.

Hint 34

374

Front 35

mood-congruent memory

Back 35

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood.

Hint 35

375

Front 36

Daniel Schacter seven ways our memory fail us-Three sins on forgetting:

Back 36

*Absent-mindedness-inattention to details produces encoding failure (our mid is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys).
*Transience-storage decay over time (after we part ways with former classmates, unused information fades).
*Blocking-inaccessibility of sored information (seeing an old classmate, we may feel the name on the tip of our tongue, but we experience retrieval failure-we cannot get it out).

Hint 36

376

Front 37

Daniel Schacter seven ways our memory fail us-Three sins of distortion:

Back 37

*Misattribution-confusing the source of information (putting words in someone else's mouth or remembering a movie scene as an actual happening).
*Suggestibility-the lingering effects of misinformation (a leading question-"Did Mr. Jones touch your private parts?"-later becomes a young child's false memory).
*Bias-belief colored recollecting (a friend's current feeling toward her boyfriend may color her recalled initial feelings)

Hint 37

376

Front 38

Daniel Schacter seven ways our memory fail us-One sin of intrusion:

Back 38

Persistence-unwanted memories (being haunted by images of a sexual assault).

Hint 38

376

Front 39

proactive interference

Back 39

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. Ex: Past learned phone numbers getting cluster with a new learned number.
(forward-acting)

Hint 39

379

Front 40

retroactive interference

Back 40

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. Ex: Learning new names interferes with the recall of previous names already encoded.
(backward-acting)

Hint 40

379

Front 41

positive transfer

Back 41

When old information encoded helps us learn new info. Like Latin to French.

Hint 41

381

Front 42

repression

Back 42

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Hint 42

381

Front 43

misinformation effect

Back 43

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

Hint 43

382

Front 44

source amnesia

Back 44

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution) Source amnesia along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Hint 44

384