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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
cognition
mental activites associated with thinking/knowing/remembering/communicating
concept
mental groupings of similar objects/event/ppl
-schema
prototype
mental image of the best example
algorithm
methoidcal/logical rule or procedure that guarentees solution
heuristic
simple thinking strategy making judgements to solve problems- usually faster but more error prone
insight
sudden realization of solution; occurs in the right temporal lobe
inductive reasoning
informal reasoninng from specific example -> general concepts
deductive reasoning
general terms->specific example; logical and form thinking
syllogism
an argument made up of 2 propositions (premises) and the conclusion is created based on the two premises
confirmation bias
tendeny to search for information that confirms preconceptions
fixation
inability to see a problem with a new perspective
mental set
tendency to approach a problem with a previously successful way
functional fixedness
tendency to think of items with their usual functions
representativeness heuristic
the likelihood is calculated based on how well something represents the prototype
availability heuristic
likelihood is based upon the availabiity of events in memory
overconfidence
tendency to be mroe confident than correct
framing
the way an issue is posed' can affect decisions and judgements
belief bias
tendency of ones pre-exisitng beliefs to distort logical reasoning
belief perseverance
tedency to cling to intial beliefs/conceptions even in light of contrary evidence
language
spoken/writen/signed words combined to communicate meanings
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit in language
morpheme
smallest unit of language carrying a meaning
grammar
system of rules enabiling understnading and communication
semantics
the rules that derive meaning from morphemes/words/sentences
syntax
rules for combining words into sentences
receptive language
ability to comrehend language
productive language
ability to produce words
babbling stage
stage in speech development @around 4 mo.; spontatneously utter sounds
one-word stage
@around 12 mo. speak mostly with one word
two-word stage
2 word sentences @around 24 mo.
telegraphic speech
early speech stage usually verb/noun ->simple sentences, excluding auxiliary words
B.F. Skinner
operant learning; proponet of nurture of language development
Noam Chomsky
inborn universal grammar; nature of language development; language acquisition device
language acquisition device
switchbox that biologically prepares us for the use of language
linguistic determination
benjamin lee worf theory that says language determines the way that we thinik
bilingual advantage
theory of wallace lambert; those who are bilingual must learn to inhibit one language while using another- so they are in turn better at inhibition attention to irrelevant information
benjamin whorf
theorist of linguistic determination
wolfgang kohler
psychologist observing chimpanzees; showed apparent insight/cognitive ability to problem solve- learning lang in animals is more than conditioning
overgeneralization
misapplication of grammar/syntax in lagnuage around the age of 2/3