Psychology Vce Unit 2

Front 1

Attitude

Back 1

An opinion, belief or behaviour about issues, people and/or events

Front 2

Evaluation

Back 2

A judgement being made, either positive, negative or neutral about some specific aspects of our lives and the world in which we live in

Front 3

Tri-component Model

Back 3

An attitude model consisting of three parts: affective (feelings), behavioural (actions) and cognitive (knowledge)

Front 4

Affective Component

Back 4

The emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue

Front 5

Behavioural Component

Back 5

The way in which an attitude is expressed through an individuals actions

Front 6

Cognitive Component

Back 6

The beliefs an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue

Front 7

Classical Conditioning

Back 7

A simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli (events)

Front 8

Operant Conditioning

Back 8

A kind of learning based on the assumption that we tend to repeat behaviour which has a desirable consequence or result and tend not to repeat behaviour which has an undesirable consequence or result

Front 9

Modelling

Back 9

A type of learning that involves observing behaviour and its consequences to guide one's future thoughts, feelings or behaviour. Also called observational learning

Front 10

Stereotype

Back 10

Generalizations made about a group of people who all have the same characteristics

Front 11

Stigma

Back 11

A negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in that way

Front 12

Prejudice

Back 12

An unjustified or incorrect attitude, usually negative, towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.

Front 13

Discrimination

Back 13

Is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class

Front 14

Ingroup

Back 14

Any group to which an individual belongs or with which an individual identifies

Front 15

Outgroup

Back 15

Any group to which an individual does not belong or identify with

Front 16

Intergroup conflict

Back 16

Conflict that occurs between people within a group or team

Front 17

Attribution

Back 17

The process of trying to explain observed behaviour in terms of a particular cause

Front 18

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 18

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of the specific situation or social context when explaining a person's behaviour

Front 19

Just World Hypothesis

Back 19

The tendency for an individual to believe that they live in a world where people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Front 20

Observational Study

Back 20

A research method that involves watching and describing behaviour as it occurs

Front 21

Superordinate Goals

Back 21

Are goals that get people from opposing sides to come together and work toward a common end result

Front 22

Self-report

Back 22

A type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without researcher

Front 23

Questionnaire

Back 23

A set of questions for participants to answer on a topic of research interest

Front 24

Survey

Back 24

A survey is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals

Front 25

Likert Scale

Back 25

A scale used to represent people's attitudes to a topic

Front 26

Informed Consent

Back 26

Refers to an ethical principle requiring that research participants must be told enough information to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate or not

Front 27

Confidentiality

Back 27

Refers to an ethical requirement of social scientific research which stipulates that research data not be shared outside of the research environment

Front 28

Social Influence

Back 28

The effects of the presence or actions of one or more others, either real or imagined, on the way in which an individual thinks, feels or behaves

Front 29

Status

Back 29

The importance or ‘standing’ of an individual within a group, as perceived by members of the group

Front 30

Reward Power

Back 30

To reward actions/behaviours
(chocolate for doing work)

Front 31

Coercive Power

Back 31

To punish actions/behaviours
(child in time-out)

Front 32

Legitimate Power

Back 32

The power granted by some authority
(police officer)

Front 33

Referent Power

Back 33

When there is admiration or respect
(look up to someone/hero)

Front 34

Expert Power

Back 34

When someone has experience or education on certain topic
(psychology teacher)

Front 35

Obedience

Back 35

Following the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society

Front 36

Social Proximity

Back 36

The physical closeness between two or more people

Front 37

Group Pressure

Back 37

Any direct or indirect social pressure that is exerted by a group on its individual members to influence their choices and may be rational argument, persuasion.

Front 38

Deception

Back 38

The withholding of information or the misleading of participants is unacceptable if the participants are typically likely to object or show unease once debriefed

Front 39

Debriefing

Back 39

A procedure conducted at the end of an experiment in which the researcher provides human participants with as much information about the study as possible, making sure no participant leaves feeling confused, upset, or embarrassed

Front 40

Voluntary Participation

Back 40

A person must choose to participate and should not be coerced into participation

Front 41

Withdrawal Rights

Back 41

Must be made clear to participants at the start of the investigation that they have the right to withdraw at any time

Front 42

Conformity

Back 42

The tendency to adjust one's thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how one should behave in certain situations

Front 43

Normative Influence

Back 43

When an individual's response in a group situation is guided by one or more social norms, out of a desire to be liked or accepted by the group

Front 44

Social Loafing

Back 44

The tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity than when working alone

Front 45

Deindividuation

Back 45

The loss of individuality, or the sense of anonymity, that can occur in a group situation

Front 46

Peer Group

Back 46

A group made up of individuals and cliques that share similar norms, interests, attitudes and values

Front 47

Clique

Back 47

A small group of adolescent friends of similar age and generally of the same sex

Front 48

Peer Pressure

Back 48

Social influence by peers, to think, feel or behave in a particular way

Front 49

Pro-social Behaviour

Back 49

Everyday acts of helping others, as well as helping that involves personal cost to the helper

Front 50

Situational Factors Influencing Pro-social behaviour

Back 50

1) Noticing the situation
2) Interpreting the situation
3) Taking Responsibility for helping

Front 51

Reciprocity norm

Back 51

Should help others who help us

Front 52

Social Responsibility Norm

Back 52

Should help those who need help because it is our responsibility or duty to do so

Front 53

Personal Factors Influencing Pro-social behaviour

Back 53

1) Empathy
2) Mood
3) Competence

Front 54

Empathy

Back 54

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another. People are more likely to help someone if they feel empathy for them

Front 55

Mood

Back 55

Is a temporary state of mind or feeling. People are more likely to help someone when in a good mood

Front 56

Competence

Back 56

The ability to do something successfully or efficiently. People with abilities or training that are relevant to a situation in which help is required are more likely to help

Front 57

Altruism

Back 57

Refers to pro-social behaviour focused on the well-being or benefit of others without any thought to personal gain or reward

Front 58

Factors Influencing Reluctance to Help

Back 58

1) Diffusion of responsibility
2) Audience inhibition
3) Cost-benefit analysis

Front 59

Diffusion of Responsibility

Back 59

The belief that, in a situation where help is required and others are present, one or more other people will or should take responsibility for helping.
(In playground at school, believe teacher should take responsibility)

Front 60

Audience Inhibition

Back 60

The presence of an audience can prevent someone from helping due to not wanting to embarrass themselves or feel foolish

Front 61

Cost-benefit Analysis

Back 61

Involves an individual weighing up the personal and social costs of helping against the benefits of helping

Front 62

Anti-social Behaviour

Back 62

Any behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to the well-being or property of another person or to the functioning of a group or society

Front 63

Aggression

Back 63

A behaviour intended to cause physical or psychological harm to a person, animal or object

Front 64

Explanations of Aggression

Back 64

1) Psychodynamic Perspective
2) Ethological Perspective
3) Biological Perspective
4) Social learning Perspective

Front 65

Psychodynamic Perspective

Back 65

Aggression is an inner urge or 'force' that builds up within us until it needs to be released

Front 66

Ethological Perspective

Back 66

Aggression is instinctive and has adaptive and survival functions

Front 67

Biological Perspective

Back 67

Aggression has a biological basis and is therefore influenced by our genes, biochemistry, brain and nervous system

Front 68

Social learning Perspective

Back 68

Aggression is a learned behaviour and most of the learning occurs through observing aggressive behaviour and copying what we see

Front 69

Bullying

Back 69

Is an aggressive behaviour that involves the inappropriate use of power by one or more persons over another less powerful person or group

Front 70

Types of Bullying

Back 70

1) Direct physical bullying
2) Direct verbal bullying
3) Indirect Bullying

Front 71

Cyberbullying

Back 71

Bullying that is carried out through an internet service or phone

Front 72

Intelligence

Back 72

Psychologists don't all agree on what intelligence is. A widely accepted definition is that it involves the ability to learn from experience, to acquire knowledge

Front 73

Binet

Back 73

Intelligence as an age related set of abilities. IQ test, found by finding the mental age and dividing by chronological age (IQ = MA/CA)

Front 74

Wechsler

Back 74

Intelligence as verbal and performance abilities.

Front 75

Gardner

Back 75

Multiple intelligences

Front 76

Sternberg

Back 76

triarchic theory of intelligence

Front 77

Cattell-Horn-Carroll

Back 77

Model of psychometric abilities

Front 78

Test Validity

Back 78

A test must actually measure what it is suppose to measure.
1) Content validity
2) Criterion-related validity
3) Construct Validity

Front 79

Content Validity

Back 79

The content of the test, including all its subtests and items, adequately measures what it is designed to measure

Front 80

Criterion-related Validity

Back 80

The test can adequately predict performance on other tasks that most people agree require intelligence

Front 81

Construct Validity

Back 81

The test provides a good reflection of the theory on which it is based and that there is empirical evidence supporting the theory

Front 82

Test Reliability

Back 82

The ability of a test to consistently measure what it is suppose to measure each time it is given.
1) Test-retest reliability
2) Parallel-forms reliability
3) Split-half reliability
4) Internal consistency
5) Inter-rater reliability

Front 83

Test-retest Reliability

Back 83

Involves giving the intelligence test to the same group of people on two different occasions and then comparing the two sets of scores

Front 84

Parallel-forms Reliability

Back 84

Involves giving another version of the same test instead of using exactly the same test twice

Front 85

Split-half Reliability

Back 85

Involves dividing the original test into halves and examining the correlation between scores on each half

Front 86

Internal Consistency

Back 86

Involves using correlations between different items in the same test to determine whether the items produce similar scores

Front 87

Inter-rater Reliability

Back 87

Involves checking that different test administrators get similar results from it

Front 88

Test Standardisation

Back 88

The test must be administered to a large sample who are representative of the population

Front 89

Test Norms

Back 89

Show the mean score on the test by particular groups of people

Front 90

Culture Bias

Back 90

The tendency of a test to give a lower score to a person from a culture different from that on which the test was standardised

Front 91

Personality

Back 91

An individuals unique pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviour that are relatively stable over time and across situations

Front 92

Personality Theory

Back 92

An approach to describing and explaining the origins and development of personality, focusing on how people are similar, how they differ and why every individual is different

Front 93

Psychodynamic Theories

Back 93

A description and explanation of personality based on the underlying belief that personality is a result of unconscious psychological conflicts
Sigmund Freud

Front 94

Trait Theories

Back 94

An approach to describing and explaining personality that emphasises traits (characteristics) and focuses on measuring, identifying and describing individual differences in personality
Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, Costa and McCrae

Front 95

Humanistic Theories

Back 95

An approach to describing and explaining personality which emphasises the uniqueness of each individual and the positive qualities and potential of all human beings to fulfil their lives
Rogers

Front 96

Longitudinal Study

Back 96

Studying the same group of research participants over an extended period of time, taking measurements on thoughts, feelings or behaviour of interest at different times

Front 97

Twin Studies

Back 97

If personality is entirely inherited, identical twins should have very similar personalities, regardless of whether they grow up in the same or different environment

Front 98

Adoption Studies

Back 98

Used to investigate the degree to which an adopted persons personality characteristics resemble those of their biological parents or their adoptive parents

Front 99

Personality Tests

Back 99

Is an assessment device used to evaluate or measure aspects of personality , such as factors and specific traits

Front 100

Inventories

Back 100

Is a self-report or online test which has a list of questions designed to access various aspects of personality

Front 101

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Back 101

A personality inventory which categorises an individual into one of 16 personality types depending on their preferences for how they perceive the world and make decisions

Front 102

Hollands Self-Directed Search

Back 102

Is a career counselling inventory which enables a person to identify their personality type and match it with career preferences which suit their personality type

Front 103

Projective Tests

Back 103

Attempts to uncover an individuals unconscious wishes, desires, fears, thoughts, needs and other hidden aspects of personality by asking them to describe what they see or to make up a story from an ambiguous stimulus

Front 104

Rorschach

Back 104

Inkblot Test. Describe what they see out of the inkblot on page

Front 105

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Back 105

Cards with various situations which are designed to generate its own themes, needs and conflicts. Participants are asked to tell a story using the card. It is assumed that in these stories individuals reveal the conflicts, moods and themes that dominate their lives