Psychology - Unit 1

Front 1

Founder of Psychology

Back 1

Wilhelm Wundt

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Behaviorist

Back 2

emphasize the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology

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Humanistic Psychology

Back 3

emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love & acceptance

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Psychology

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the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings)

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APA

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American Psychological Association

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3 Main Levels of Human Analysis

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Biological Influence
Social-cultural influences
Psychological Influences

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Neuroscience perspective

Back 7

focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

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Evolutionary perspective

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focuses on how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes

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Behavior Genetics perspective

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focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

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Psychodynamic perspective

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focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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Behavioral perspective

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focuses on how we learn observable processes

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Cognitive perspective

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focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

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Social-cultural perspective

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focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situation and culture

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Biological Psychologist

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a person who explores the links between the brain and the mind (research)

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Developmental Psychologist

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a person who studies changing abilities from womb to tomb (research)

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Cognitive Psychologist

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a person who studies how we perceive, think, and solve problems (research)

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Personality Psychologist

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a person who investigates our persistent traits (research)

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Social Psychologist

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a person who explores how we view and affect one another (research)

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Clinical Psychologist

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a person who studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders (applied)

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Counseling Psychologist

Back 20

a person who helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges (applied)

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Educational Psychologist

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a person who studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings (applied)

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Industrial/Organization Psychologist

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a person who studies and advises on behavior in the work place (applied)

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Hindsight Bias

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"I-knew-it-all-along!" phenomenon; people believe they could predict the outcome AFTER it came to pass

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Over Confidence

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thinking we know more than we actually know

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Scientific Attitude

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curiosity-passion for exploration
skepticism-doubting and questioning
humility-ability to accept responsibility when wrong

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Critical thinking

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1. doesn't accept blind arguments
2. examines assumptions
3. discerns hidden values
4. evaluates evidence
5. assesses conclusions

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Theory

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an explanation that integrates principle and organizes and predicts behavior or evidence (opinion)

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Hypothesis

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a testable prediction

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4 steps to experiment

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1. theory
2. hypothesis
3. research/observation
4. test/retest

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4 Methods of Study

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Case study
survey
naturalistic observation
(correlation)

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case study

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a method where one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral prinicples

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survey

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self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative, random sample of people

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random sampling

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each member of a populations has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample

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naturalistic observation

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observing/recording the behavior of animals in the wild

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correlation

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when one trait or behavior accompanies another

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correlation coefficient

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statistical measure of relationship

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Causation

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Correlation does not mean ______

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illusory correlation

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the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists

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Experimentation

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the only method that can produce cause & effect

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double blind procedure

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patients and assistants remain unaware of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group by RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

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independent variable

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the factor that is manipulated

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dependent variable

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the factor that may or may not change in response to the independent variable

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mode

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most frequently occurring score in a distribution

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mean

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the average score in a a distribution

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median

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the middle score

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range

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difference between high and low in a distribution

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social psychology

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studies how we (1) think about, (2) influence, (3) relate to one another

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Social thinking

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involves thinking about others

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attribution theory

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we have a tendency to give casual explanations for someone's behavior (dispositional or situational)

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how we react to it.

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how we explain someone's behavior affects...

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attitudes

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a beliefe and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects or events

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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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people who comply to a small request will comply to a larger request later

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cognitive dissonance

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when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension between our real self and our ideal self.

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Social Influence

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study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and action and the way we are molded

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suggestibility

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a subtle type of conformity, adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard

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Conditions that Strengthen Conformity

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1. a person is made to feel incompetent/insecure
2. there are at least 3 people in the group
3. the group is unanimous
4. the person admires group status and attractiveness
5. the person has no prior commitment to a response
6. the group observes the persons behavior
7. the culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard

Front 57

normative social influence

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person desires to gain approval or avoid rejection

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informational social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

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social facilitation

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improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

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social loafing

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the tendency to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually

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deindividuation

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loss of self-awareness and self restraint in group situations that faster arousal & anonymity

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group polarization

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enhances a group's prevailing attitudes through a discussion

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groupthink

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mode of thinking that occurs when a desire for harmony in the group overrides the realistic appraisal

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prejudice

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an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and it's members

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beliefs (stereotypes)
emotions (hostility)
predisposition to act (discriminate)

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3 components of prejudice

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roots of prejudice

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social inequalities
social divisions
emotional scapegoating

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ingroup

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people with whom one shares a common identity

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outgroup

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those perceived as different from one's in-group

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Aggression

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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy; reactively (out of hostility) or proactively (a calculated means to an end)

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Biology of Aggression

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1. genetic influences
2. neural influences
3. biochemical influences

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Psychology of Aggression

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1. dealing with aversive events
2. learning aggression is rewarding
3. observing models of aggression
4. acquiring social scripts

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frustration

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aggression principle - blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal, creates anger -> aggression

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bystander intervention

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the decision making process for bystander intervention; less likely to help when there's more people around

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conflict

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perceived as incompatibility

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences and require cooperation

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communication

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understanding developed through talking to one another

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neuron

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a nerve cell

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synapse

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a gap between the axon and dendrite or cell body

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neurotransmitters

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bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron into a lock and key mechanism

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agonists

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mimics neurotransmitter and activates the receiving neuron (drug)

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antagonists

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blocks the action of the neurotransmitter and inhibits the nerve (poison)

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nervous system

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consists of all the nerve cells; communication system

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2 parts of the automatic portion of the peripheral nervous system

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sympathetic (arousing) an parasympathetic (calming)

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Somatic

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part of the pns that controls voluntary movements

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sensory neurons

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carry info from sense receptor to the Central nervous system

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motor neurons

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carries info from the CNS to the outer nerves