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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
External Validty |
extent to which results can be applied outside of experiment |
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Internal Validity |
How valid is the data within the experiment. were |
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Psychology |
the study of behaviour and mental processes of individuals and how it is affected by an organisms surroundings |
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Pop psychology |
unfounded opinions based on popular beliefs, urban legends |
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psuedo sciences |
takes complex problems and gives them simple answers, looks for validations and reasons |
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scientific psychology |
challenegs beliefs, collects data, analyzes it, repeats, peer reviews, published |
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experiment |
quantitative reasearch with numerical data, determines cause effect relationship |
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independent variable |
being manipulated by researcher |
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dependent variable |
being measured by researcher, |
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contolled variable |
kept constant to avoid influencing relationship between iv and dv |
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standardized prodecure |
directions given to participants during an experiment are exactly the same |
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random allocations to conditions |
participants are randomly assigned to conditions to avoid sampling bias |
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lab experiment |
done in a highly controlled conditions |
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field experiment |
natural setting, less control on variables |
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true experiment |
iv is manipulated and dv is measured under controlled conditions |
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quasi experiment |
no iv is manipulated and participants are not randomly allocated |
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natural experiment |
result of something naturally happening |
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sampling bias |
causes low externa validity |
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self selected sample |
volunteers |
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oppertunity/ convience sample |
who is easy to get |
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random sample |
chose from population, equal chances of being chosen |
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purposive |
looking for specific traits of self selected |
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snowball/network |
purposive samleing then ask them to bring more |
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stratatified sample |
get sample to reflect population based on percentages |
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ethics |
informed consent, protection from harm, anonymitiy, confidentiallity, withdrawal from participation, deception, debriefing, cost benefit analysis, ethics comittees |
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Artifacts |
results that are associated with effect of unforeseen factors |
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behavior |
external, can be observed |
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mental processes |
cannot be observed directly, internal |
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nomothetic approach |
the set of rules that describe all behavior |
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quantitative |
with variables of constructs that need to be operationalized |
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constructs |
theoretical described variables, ex. love, hate, anger |
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correlational studies |
dont control the variables, cannot assume which causes which |
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descriptive studies |
variables are controlled individually |
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qualitative research |
uses observations and interviews, data in textual form |
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idiographic approach |
in depth analysis of a particular case without universalizing |
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credibility |
extent to which results can be trusted, linked to bias |
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confounding variables |
variables that can distort results, need to be controlled |
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representatives |
represent the target population |
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target |
the group wanting to be generalized |
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independent measure design |
random groups, control iv, assume groups are equivalent, can add more ivs |
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matched pairs |
test dv before and rank from high to low then pair off |
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repeated measure design |
same group with different conditions, order effect is possible, counterbalancing switches order, participants compared to themselves in participant variability |
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construct validity |
operalization to construct can be a leap and sometimes wrong |
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population validity |
sample to target population |
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ecological validity |
generalized to other situations/settings |
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selection bais |
groups are not equivalent |
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history bias |
outisde events of participants |
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maturation bias |
fatigue, growth, over long periods of time |
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testing effect |
famaliarity, 1st versus 2nd time |
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instrumentation |
instrument changes, human error |
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regression to mean |
initial dv scale is extreme but generalized as a different mean |
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experimental morality |
people drop out and create imbalance |
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demand characeristics |
participants behave how experimentor expects |
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experimenter bias |
experimenter unintentinoally effects results, lose double-blind to stop |
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statistical significance |
how likely results are to be pure chance, good is less than .05 |
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third variable problem (corrlation) |
another variable causes correlation |
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curvilinear relationships |
correlation reduces other relationships to linear |
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spurions correlations |
some correlations could be chance |
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trustworthiness |
internal validity in qualitative studies, credibility |
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triangulation |
method (use diff), data(sources), researcher(resources and people), theory(interpretation) |
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establishing a rapport |
participants dont alter behavior and responses are voluntary, relationship between researcher and participant |
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iterative questioning |
participants want to make an impression, rephrase the question |
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reflexivity |
researcher reflects on bias, epistemocological linked to method and personal linked to beliefs and expectations |
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credibility checks |
check accuracy with participants in qualitative |
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thick descriptions |
provide meaningful details in observations of qualitative |
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acquiescence bais |
tendency to give positive answers |
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social desirability bias |
behave a certain way to be acceptable/liked |
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dominant respondent bias |
one person dominates in a group setting |
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sensitivity bais |
distort responses to sensitive questions, deflecting |
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confirmation bias |
researched has prior belief and it affects observations |
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leading question bias |
researcher wording questions that incline results/answers in participants |
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quesion order bias |
general than specefic questions |
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biased reporting |
findings arent equally represented |
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quota sampling |
qualitative, define wanted characteristics by numbers and recruit them |
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purposive sampling |
like quota but proportions and sample size are undefined |
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theoretical visability |
stops when data saturation is reached, no new information |
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theoretical generazibillity |
rigorous analysis and interpertation of findings, generalize to a wider theory |
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case to case generazibility |
if findings can be applied to different or similar situations, transferability |
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observational research |
how people interact, react, behave, and interpert |
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labatotory versus naturalistic |
may be time consuming but more ethical |
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participant observations |
observer joins observed group for information |
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covert |
participants aware, covert participants not aware |
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unstructured |
researcher takes notes as things happen |
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interview |
verbal responses, understand participants, personal, interviewers must be trained |
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structured |
fixed questions and order |
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semi-structured |
no order of set questions, like a checklist, can ask follow up questions |
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unstructured |
participant-driven, previous questions determine next |
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focus group |
6-10 people, interaction with each other, natural environment, as a group, multiple perspectives |
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content analysis in qualitative |
write tanscript, reread raw material, identify inital themes, low level themes are grouped into smaller number of high level themes, summary table is made, list theories and quotes, conclusions are formulated with memos |
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case study |
in depth investigation of a unique group, to investigate phenomena that cant be studied otherwise, to contradict establish theories |
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theories |
provide a model, need to describe why and make predictions, |
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characteristics of a theory |
based on a hypothesis, backed by evidence, testable, based on an approach |
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biological theories |
based on the assumption that human behavior has its roots in psychological processes |
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cognitive theories |
based on the assumption that the way we perceive and think about the world affects our behavior |
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sociocultural theories |
based on the assumption that our behavior is influenced bt other people and the environment |
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freudian theory |
belief that feelings come from the hidden unconcious |
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evaluating theories |
testable, empirically supported by numbers, applicational, construct validity, unbiased, predicts behaviour |
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demand characteristics |
participants act different because they know they're in a study |
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expectancy affect |
try and figure out hypothesis and help researcher |
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negative participant |
try and figure hypothesis and try to hurt experiment |
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bideractional ambiguity |
correlational, no iv studied, don't know which causes which, |