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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Short-Term Memory

Memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.

Long-Term Memory

The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Encoding

Forming a memory code (Getting information permanently into LTM)

Storage

Holding onto information for some period of time.

Retrieval

Getting information that is in storage, into a form that can be used

Retrograde Amnesia

The loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the injury or illness

Anterograde Amnesia

The loss of memory for events that occurred after the injury or illness.

Consolidation

The theoretical process of information "getting into" Long-Term memory. This does not occur immediately; it seems to take time to occur.


(often occurs during sleep)

Levels of Processing Theory

Suggests that we use different levels of processing; shallow, intermediate, and deep. The theory asserts that shallow processing results in ineffective encoding; deep processing results in effective coding.

Dual Coding Theory

Suggests that two codes (Visual & Semantic codes) increase the probability of recall.

Sensory Memory

The very first stage of memory. Point in which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems. (Very brief)

Peterson & Peterson Study

Documents the duration limit of short-term memory. Information fades from Short Term memory in twelve seconds or less (without rehearsal)

Flashbulb Memories

Type of automatic encoding that occurs because of personal and unexpected events that hold a strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

Serial-Position Effect

Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered much better; than the middle of a body of information.


(For example: Grocery List)

Primacy Effect

The reason we tend to recall the first few items well, because the first few items have the best chance to consolidate information (LTM)

Recency Effect

Tendency to remember information at the end of the body of information well, is because the last few items were the most recent seen in short term memory.

Context Events

Cues in the environment that stimulates memory retrieval.


(For Example: Retracing your steps)

Constructive Processing

Retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, influenced, or revised because of newer information.

Source Monitoring Error

Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.

Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve

The course of forgetting for Ebbinghaus was initially rapid, and then leveled off with time. Can be used as evidence in support for the decay theory of forgetting long-term memory.

Retention

Refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered)

Recall

A measure of retention that requires a subject to reproduce information on their own without any cues.

Recognition

A measure of retention that requires a subject to select previously learned information from an array of options.

Relearning

A measure of retention that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before.

Encoding Failure

Information is not encoded, therefore you cannot "forget" info that was never encoded.


(also termed psuedoforgetting)

Decay Theory

Asserts that forgetting is the function of time. This theory can be applied to all three memory stores: sensory information, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Interference Theory

Suggests that forgetting is due to retrieval failure. Competition with other material in LTM. Coded correctly, stored correctly, error in retrieval.

Proactive Interference

Cannot remember newer memories or information

Retroactive Interference

Cannot remember older memories or information.

Motivated Forgetting

Not recalling information that may be scary or embarrassing.

Repression

Frued's term for keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Mnemonic Devices

Strategies for enhancing memory

Overlearning

Continued rehearsal after the apparent point of mastery.

Massed Practice

A long session of studying or learning

Distributed Practice

Short sessions of studying mixed with intervals of rest. Distributed practice is superior to Massed Practice.