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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is learning?
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Process by which experience changes behavior
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What are the 5 basic types of learning?
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habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
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Explain habituation
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decreased strength of response when situmuls is repeated. Eg. Poking
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Explain sensitization
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increased/exaggerated response to stimulus. Induces heightened state of vigilance. Eg. Slap then poke
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What is Pavlovian conditioning?
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classical conditioning
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explain classical conditioning
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learning by association between 2 events. Eg. Pavlov & the dogs
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Explain the significance of neutral, unconditioned, conditioned stimuli and responses
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unconditioned stimulus- something that w/o training will cause a physiological response. Eg. Food. Unconditioned response- automatic physiological response to some given stimulus. Eg. Drool. Neutral stimuls- some random stimulus that w/o conditioning has no response. conditioned stimulus- when the neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral becomes conditioned because of conditioning. Eg. bell + food. conditioned response- the response due to the conditioned stimulus. Eg. drool after conditioning.
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Explain extinction
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When the CS is no longer followed by a US, the CS loses the ability to produce the CR
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Explain operant conditioning.
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allows the organism to adjust its behavior according to consequences.
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What is the device used to test operant conditioning?
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Operant chamber or Skinner box.
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Explain the differences between positive and negative reinforcement and punishment.
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positive reinforcement = Positive stimulus applied in order to increase behavior. Positive punishment = Negative stimulus applied in order to decrease behavior. Negative reinforcement = negative stimulus removed in order to increase behavior. Negative punishment = Positive stimulus removed in order to decrease behavior.
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What are the 2 types of reinforcers in operant conditioning
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primary- inately satisfying. Eg. Food, sex. Secondary- associated with a primary reinforcer. Eg. Money
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Explain partial reinforcement schedules
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the behavior is not always reinforced. More resistant to extinction
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what are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules
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fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval.
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Explain fixed and variable ratio scheduling.
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fixed- reinforcer given after fixed # of responses. Eg. Every 10th time. FR 10. variable- reinforcer given after variable # of reponses around a certain average. Eg. Avg 10th time = VR 10.
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Explain fixed and variable interval scheduling.
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fixed- reinforcer given after 1st response after fixed pd. Of time. EG. Every 2 min. FI 2. variable- same as FI, but over average. Eg. Avg 3 min- VI 3
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what is shaping?
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process by which reinforcers are gradually adminitered to guide organisms' behavior to a goal.
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explain observational learning.
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organism's behavior is influence by observation of behavior of others. Mostly occurs in social behaviors in children.
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What is modeling?
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observing & imitating.
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What is the significance of the Bandura experiment?
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Bobo doll experiment. Aggressive behavior is modelled!
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What are the 4 basic principles of learning?
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accquisition, extinction, generalization, discrimination
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Explain generalization.
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the same response to a similar stimulus. Eg. Dogs drooling with different tones
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Explain discrimination.
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differentiating between similar stimuli, after generalizing. Eg. Black square vs. gray square.
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Explain adaptiveness.
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We are more "prepared" by nature to learn certain CS-US relationships than others. Eg. Stomach ache more likely caused by food ingested than other physical injury.
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What are fear modules and their characteristics?
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automatic differential responses to fear-relevant objects. Characteristics: 1. highly selective. 2. automatic. 3. hard to consciously control/avoid. 4. controlled by amygdala and hippocampus (primritive brain parts)
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What is the law of effect?
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behaviors followed by a positive response are repeated, those not aren't.
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What is instinctive drift?
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tendency of animals to revert to species-specific behavior patterns that at times interfere with shaping.
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What is latent learning?
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Learning that lies dormant and is not exhibited until there is an incentive to do so. Eg. Rats in maze, no food until 11th day
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What are the 4 steps in the modeling process?
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attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
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