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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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Relatively permanent behavior brought by an experience
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Classical Conditioning
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(Pavlov) A tye of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings that response
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Neutral stimulus
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stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest
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Unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that naturally brings about a response without being learned
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Unconditioned Response
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a response that is natural and needs no training
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Conditioned stimulus
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a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned response
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a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
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Extinction
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basic pheneomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disapears
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Spontaneous recovery
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the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
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Stimulus generalization
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occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is ismilar to the original conditioned stimulus the more similar the two stimuli are the more likely generalization is to occur
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stimulus discrimination
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the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli
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Operant conditioning
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learning in which a voluntary response is stengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
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skinner
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famous operant conditioning psychologist
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Reinforcement
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the process that by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
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Reinforcer
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any stimulus that increases the propability that a preceding behavior will occur again
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Positive reinforcer
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stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
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negative reinforcer
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an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
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Punishment
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a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previos behvaiour will occur again
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Schedulues of reinforcement
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different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
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continuous reinforcement schedule
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reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
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Partial reinforcement schedule
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reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time
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Fixed ratio schedule
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a schedule by which reinforcement is givin only after a specific number of responses are made
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Variable ratio schedule
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a schedule by which reinforcements occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed variable
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Fixed interval schedule
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a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overrall rates of response relatively low
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Variable interval schedule
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a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies aroound some average rather than being fixed
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Shaping
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process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and close approximations of the desired behavior
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Behavior modification
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a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
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Cognitive learning theory
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an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning
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Latent learning
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learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
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observational learning
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Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model (ABLERT BANDURA)
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Consciousness
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The awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment
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Stage 1 sleep
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The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep characterized by relatively rapid low amplitude brain waves
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Stage 2 sleep
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A deeper sleep than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles"
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Stage 3 Sleep
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Sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep
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Stage 4 sleep
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The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation
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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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sleep occupying 20 percent of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, erections (in males) eye movements, and the experience of dreaming
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Unconscious wish fulfillment theory
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Sigmund freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
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Latent content of dreams
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According to freud, the disguised meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects
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Manifest content of dreams
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According to freud the apprent story line of dreams
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dreams for survival theory
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the theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprrocessed during sleep
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Activation synthesis theory
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Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain
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Circadian rhythms
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Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle
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Daydreams
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Fantasies that people construct while awake
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Insomnia
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Difficulty sleeping
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Narcolepsy
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Uncontrollable need to sleep during the day
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sleep apnea
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Makes breathing difficult while sleeping
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Hypnosis
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A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others
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Meditation
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A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness
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Psychoactive drugs
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Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior
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Addictive drugs
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drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible
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stimulants
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drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension
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Depressants
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Drugs that slow down the nervous system
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Narcotics
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Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety
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Hallucinogen
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A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations or changes in the perceptual process
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fuck
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yeah
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