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138 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

behavior

motives activate _______ and propel the organism toward goals

physiological

__________ needs must be met in order to survive
psychological
__________ needs are generally based on learning experiences
instincts
species specific behaviors are __________
drive reduction
__________theory suggests that we have drives to reduce the tensions created by needs
homeostasis
__________ is best defined as a resting point between a need and a drive.
boredom
research on sensory deprivation reveals that it produces __________ and disorientation
personal
Maslow believed people are motivated by _________ growth

hierarchy

according to maslow, needs are organized in a _________ with physiological needs and self-actualization at the poles.
hypothalamus
the _________ is signaled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation.
hyperphagic
_________ animals fail to experience satiety.
anorexia nervosa
_________ is an eating disorder in which people refuse to eat because they fear getting overweight.
abuse
child _________ is considered a risk factor for anorexia nervosa

aggression

there seems to be a chemical link between _________ and testosterone.
psychodynamic
the _________ perspective argues that aggressive impulses require some mode of expression.
catharsis
another name for _________ is venting.
cognitive
_________ psychologists suggest that aggression impulses require some mode of expression.
context

the situational approach to aggression suggests that aggression is influenced by the _________.

hyperphagic

_____________ animals fail to experience satiety.

Anorexia Nervosa

_____________ is an eating disorder in which people refuse to eat because they fear getting overweight

Abuse

Child _____________ is considered a risk factor for anorexia nervosa

Biological

explanation for aggression that investigate hormone levels are based on the _____________ perspective.

Aggression

THere seems to be a chemical link between _____________ and testosterone

Psychodynamic

The _____________ perspective argues that aggressive impulses require some mode of expression.

catharsis

Another name for _____________ is venting


Cognitive

_____________ psychologists suggest that aggression often results form an incorrect appraisal of a person's intention

context

The situational approach to aggression suggests that aggression is influenced by the _____________

many factors

Psychologists and other scientists do seem to agree that aggression is caused by _____________

intrinsic

Performance goals are to extrinsic rewards as learning goals are to _____________ rewards

learning

Parents of children to develop _____________ goals are likely to praise them for persistence

behavioral

Emotions are feeling states with cognitive, physiological, and ___________ components

arousal

The sympathetic nervous system is involved in ___________ ,while the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in inhibition.

Survival

Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have ___________ value.

married

People who are ___________ report the highest level of happiness.

emotional

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can affect our ___________ state.

emotions

The James-Lange theory of Emotion suggests that ___________ follow our behavioral responses to events.

validity

Reasearch results regarding the ___________ of the polygraph have found that polygraph results should not be admitted as evidence in courts of law

Metabolic

Dieting results in a slowing of the ___________ rate.

Episodic

The two types of explicit memory is semantic and _______________ memory.

Semantic

General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to _______________ memory.

Encoding

The stages of information processing in memory are _______________, storage, and retrieval.

Visual

When we mentally represent pictures we are using _______________ codes.

Maintenance

Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to _______________ rehearsal.

Retrieval

The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is referred to as _______________.

elaborative

The difference between rote learning and meaningful learning is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and _______________ rehearsal.

storage

The correct order of events in memory processing is encoding, _______________, and retrieval.

saccidic

The eyes fixate from point to point several times each second. This is called _______________ eye movement.

sensory

The stage of memory that first encounter stimuli is called _______________.

sensory register

Psychologists believe that we possess a _______________ for each of our sensory systems.

echoic

Visual images are to iconic memory as auditory images are to _______________ memory.

chunking

In the terminology of memory, grouping several pieces of information into a single unit is called _______________.

long term

According to Atkinson and Shiffren, the third stage of information processing is _______________ memory.

reconstructed

The result of the "car accident study" by Loftus, suggests memories are _______________.

meaningful

The levels of processing model suggests, information is remembered best when it is _______________.

emotional

Flash bulb memories seem to be connected to _______________ events.

hierarchy

Research seems to suggest that memory is organized in a _______________ structure.

context dependant

Deja Vu is an example of _______________ type of memory.

state dependant

According the _______________ memory, your mood when you learn will influence what you remember.

recognition

The easiest type of memory test uses _______________.

relearning

The concept of method of savings was developed by Ebbinghaus to study the efficiency of _______________.

repression

Psychoanalysts believe that dissociative amnesia involves _______________.

pseudomemories

False memory syndrome refers to _______________ that can form because of suggestive questioning.

anterograde

Memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head are called _______________ amnesia

retrograde

in _______________ amnesia, the trauma prevents patients from remembering events that took place before the accident.

engrams

_______________ Are viewed as electrical circuits in the brain that correspond to memory traces.

acetylcholine

Low levels of _______________ are correlated with memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.

executive center

What part of the memory system is the prefrontal cortex thought to play?

method of loci

associating a list of items with body parts or other objects in your environment in order to help you remember is called _______________.

Observed

From a behaviorist perspective, learning must be _______________.

classical

The founder of _______________ conditioning is Ivan Pavlov

reflexes

Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that _______________ can be learned through association

condition

In the classical experiment by Pavlov, the bell was the _______________ stimulus.

neutral

A conditioned response is a learned response to a previously _______________ stimulus

taste aversion

_______________ usually takes only one trial to condition successfully.

extinction

A reduction of conditioned responses in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus is called _______________.

spontaneous recovery

The occurrence of a condioned response after exinction is called _______________

generalization

The same response to different stimuli is called _______________.

discrimination

Racial profiling is a form of _______________.

higher order

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus is called _______________ conditioning.

fear

Many _______________ responses are probably acquired through the process of classical conditioning

counter conditioning

A good definition of _______________ would be re-associating a stimulus with a different response.

flooding

The major difference between counter conditioning and _______________ is that counter conditioning repeatedly pairs a pleasant stimulus with the fear-evoking stimulus.

systematic desensitization

Gradually exposing someone to fear inducing stimuli while they are in a relaxed state is called _______________

operant

Pavlov is to skinner as classical conditioning is to _______________ conditioning

law of effect

After studying cats in the puzzle box, Edward Thorndike came up with the _______________.

rewarded

According to the law of effect, an operant becomes strengthened if _______________.

environment

In operant conditioning, the word operant refers to the idea that an organism operates on the _______________.

reinforcement

Anything that increases the probability of a response is called a _______________

reinforcers

The two types of _______________ are positive and negative

negative reinforcers

Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that an operant will continue is called a _______________.

primary

Food is a _______________ reinforcer

extinguished

Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performed a previously _______________ response.

decreases

We know punishment is effective when the behavior in question _______________.

discriminitive

A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available is called a _______________ stimulus.

variable interval

A _______________ schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after different time spans elapse.

responsive

In ration schedules, the relationship between _______________ and reinforcement is used.

shaping

Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called _______________.

information

In biofeedback training reinforcement comes in the form of _______________.

unobservable

The "cognitive factor" in learning refers to _______________ mental events.

contiguous

When Pavlov paired the bell wit the meat powder, it is said that these two stimuli were _______________

learning

Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcement. His research illustrated the difference between _______________ and performance.

observation

Bandura and his associates believe the main mechanism for learning is _______________ of others.

media

There is strong evidence that there is a connection between _______________ violence and real-life violence.

Sensory Awareness

WHen we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as _____________.

Selective attention

When psychologists talk of focusing on a particular stimulus, they are referring to _____________

preconscious

According to Freud, _____________ material is not currently in awareness but is readily available to awareness.

suppression

Consciously ejecting unwanted mental events from awareness is known as _____________.

self

The totality of our impressions, thoughts, and feelings that make up our conscious existence is called the _____________.

frequency

Number of waves per second is to _____________ as strength is to amplitude.

circadium

A _____________ rhythm is a cycle connected to the 24-hour period of Earth's rotation.

stage 4

The deepest sleep, and the one from which it is hardest to be awakened, is _____________

paradoxical

REM sleep is called _____________ because the EEG patterns are similar to being awake.

memory

Deprivation of REM sleep in humans interferes with _____________.

unconscious

According to Sigmund Freud's theory a dream is a wish your heart makes. THis can be interpreted as the dreamer's on _____________ desires

REM

Nightmares are generally products of _____________ sleep.

insomnia

The number one sleep disorder in America is _____________.

narcolepsy

_____________ seems to be a disorder of REM sleep functioning.

sleep apnea

A dangerous sleep disorder in which the person's air passages are obstructed is called _____________

deep sleep

Sleep terrors typically occur in _____________

hypnotism

Today, _____________ is used to help people overcome fear and anxiety

attention

Hypnosis relies on the narrowing of _____________.

fantasy

According to the Freudian explanation of hypnotism _____________ and impulse are emphasized

mantras

Transcendental meditation is characterized by the use of repeated words of sounds called _____________.q

biofeedback

Any system that provides information about a bodily function is known as _____________

alcohol

The most popular drug on high school and college campuses in the United states is _____________

substance

According to the APA, the crucial factors in _____________ abuse are the disruption of your life by your pattern of use.

adopted

_____________ children whose biological parents are alcoholics are more liekly to be alcoholics.

abused drug

Alcohol is considered the number one _____________ in the world

binge

_____________ drinking is defined as having four or five drinks in a row.

metabolize

One reason that alcohol seems to "hit harder" in women than in men is women _____________ very little alcohol in the stomach.

depressants

Opium, heroin, morphine, and Demerol are all _____________.

cancer

Chronic drinking of alcohol has been linked to cirrhosis of the liver, cardiovascular disorders, and _____________.

nervous

Stimulants, such as amphetamines, are substances that act by increasing the activity of the _____________ system.

cocaine

Coca-Cola has been referred to as "the real thing" because up until 1906 the formula for Coca-Cola had _____________ in it.

nicotine

Symptoms of withdrawl from _____________ include insomnia.

hydrocarbons

The _____________ in cigarette smoke apparently leads to lung cancer

hallucinogen

Marijuana is usually classified as a _____________.

respiratory illnesses.

Passive smoking is connected to _____________, asthma, and lung cancer.