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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
behavior |
motives activate _______ and propel the organism toward goals
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physiological |
__________ needs must be met in order to survive
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psychological
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__________ needs are generally based on learning experiences
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instincts
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species specific behaviors are __________
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drive reduction
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__________theory suggests that we have drives to reduce the tensions created by needs
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homeostasis
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__________ is best defined as a resting point between a need and a drive.
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boredom
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research on sensory deprivation reveals that it produces __________ and disorientation
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personal
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Maslow believed people are motivated by _________ growth
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hierarchy |
according to maslow, needs are organized in a _________ with physiological needs and self-actualization at the poles.
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hypothalamus
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the _________ is signaled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation.
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hyperphagic
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_________ animals fail to experience satiety.
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anorexia nervosa
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_________ is an eating disorder in which people refuse to eat because they fear getting overweight.
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abuse
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child _________ is considered a risk factor for anorexia nervosa
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aggression |
there seems to be a chemical link between _________ and testosterone.
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psychodynamic
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the _________ perspective argues that aggressive impulses require some mode of expression.
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catharsis
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another name for _________ is venting.
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cognitive
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_________ psychologists suggest that aggression impulses require some mode of expression.
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context
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the situational approach to aggression suggests that aggression is influenced by the _________. |
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hyperphagic |
_____________ animals fail to experience satiety. |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
_____________ is an eating disorder in which people refuse to eat because they fear getting overweight |
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Abuse |
Child _____________ is considered a risk factor for anorexia nervosa |
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Biological |
explanation for aggression that investigate hormone levels are based on the _____________ perspective. |
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Aggression |
THere seems to be a chemical link between _____________ and testosterone |
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Psychodynamic |
The _____________ perspective argues that aggressive impulses require some mode of expression. |
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catharsis |
Another name for _____________ is venting
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Cognitive |
_____________ psychologists suggest that aggression often results form an incorrect appraisal of a person's intention |
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context |
The situational approach to aggression suggests that aggression is influenced by the _____________ |
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many factors |
Psychologists and other scientists do seem to agree that aggression is caused by _____________ |
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intrinsic |
Performance goals are to extrinsic rewards as learning goals are to _____________ rewards |
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learning |
Parents of children to develop _____________ goals are likely to praise them for persistence |
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behavioral |
Emotions are feeling states with cognitive, physiological, and ___________ components |
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arousal |
The sympathetic nervous system is involved in ___________ ,while the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in inhibition. |
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Survival |
Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have ___________ value. |
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married |
People who are ___________ report the highest level of happiness. |
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emotional |
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can affect our ___________ state. |
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emotions |
The James-Lange theory of Emotion suggests that ___________ follow our behavioral responses to events. |
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validity |
Reasearch results regarding the ___________ of the polygraph have found that polygraph results should not be admitted as evidence in courts of law |
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Metabolic |
Dieting results in a slowing of the ___________ rate. |
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Episodic |
The two types of explicit memory is semantic and _______________ memory. |
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Semantic |
General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to _______________ memory. |
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Encoding |
The stages of information processing in memory are _______________, storage, and retrieval. |
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Visual |
When we mentally represent pictures we are using _______________ codes. |
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Maintenance |
Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to _______________ rehearsal. |
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Retrieval |
The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is referred to as _______________. |
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elaborative |
The difference between rote learning and meaningful learning is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and _______________ rehearsal. |
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storage |
The correct order of events in memory processing is encoding, _______________, and retrieval. |
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saccidic |
The eyes fixate from point to point several times each second. This is called _______________ eye movement. |
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sensory |
The stage of memory that first encounter stimuli is called _______________. |
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sensory register |
Psychologists believe that we possess a _______________ for each of our sensory systems. |
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echoic |
Visual images are to iconic memory as auditory images are to _______________ memory. |
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chunking |
In the terminology of memory, grouping several pieces of information into a single unit is called _______________. |
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long term |
According to Atkinson and Shiffren, the third stage of information processing is _______________ memory. |
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reconstructed |
The result of the "car accident study" by Loftus, suggests memories are _______________. |
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meaningful |
The levels of processing model suggests, information is remembered best when it is _______________. |
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emotional |
Flash bulb memories seem to be connected to _______________ events. |
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hierarchy |
Research seems to suggest that memory is organized in a _______________ structure. |
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context dependant |
Deja Vu is an example of _______________ type of memory. |
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state dependant |
According the _______________ memory, your mood when you learn will influence what you remember. |
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recognition |
The easiest type of memory test uses _______________. |
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relearning |
The concept of method of savings was developed by Ebbinghaus to study the efficiency of _______________. |
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repression |
Psychoanalysts believe that dissociative amnesia involves _______________. |
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pseudomemories |
False memory syndrome refers to _______________ that can form because of suggestive questioning. |
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anterograde |
Memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head are called _______________ amnesia |
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retrograde |
in _______________ amnesia, the trauma prevents patients from remembering events that took place before the accident. |
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engrams |
_______________ Are viewed as electrical circuits in the brain that correspond to memory traces. |
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acetylcholine |
Low levels of _______________ are correlated with memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. |
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executive center |
What part of the memory system is the prefrontal cortex thought to play? |
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method of loci |
associating a list of items with body parts or other objects in your environment in order to help you remember is called _______________. |
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Observed |
From a behaviorist perspective, learning must be _______________. |
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classical |
The founder of _______________ conditioning is Ivan Pavlov |
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reflexes |
Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that _______________ can be learned through association |
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condition |
In the classical experiment by Pavlov, the bell was the _______________ stimulus. |
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neutral |
A conditioned response is a learned response to a previously _______________ stimulus |
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taste aversion |
_______________ usually takes only one trial to condition successfully. |
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extinction |
A reduction of conditioned responses in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus is called _______________. |
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spontaneous recovery |
The occurrence of a condioned response after exinction is called _______________ |
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generalization |
The same response to different stimuli is called _______________. |
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discrimination |
Racial profiling is a form of _______________. |
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higher order |
Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus is called _______________ conditioning. |
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fear |
Many _______________ responses are probably acquired through the process of classical conditioning |
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counter conditioning |
A good definition of _______________ would be re-associating a stimulus with a different response. |
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flooding |
The major difference between counter conditioning and _______________ is that counter conditioning repeatedly pairs a pleasant stimulus with the fear-evoking stimulus. |
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systematic desensitization |
Gradually exposing someone to fear inducing stimuli while they are in a relaxed state is called _______________ |
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operant |
Pavlov is to skinner as classical conditioning is to _______________ conditioning |
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law of effect |
After studying cats in the puzzle box, Edward Thorndike came up with the _______________. |
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rewarded |
According to the law of effect, an operant becomes strengthened if _______________. |
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environment |
In operant conditioning, the word operant refers to the idea that an organism operates on the _______________. |
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reinforcement |
Anything that increases the probability of a response is called a _______________ |
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reinforcers |
The two types of _______________ are positive and negative |
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negative reinforcers |
Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that an operant will continue is called a _______________. |
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primary |
Food is a _______________ reinforcer |
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extinguished |
Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performed a previously _______________ response. |
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decreases |
We know punishment is effective when the behavior in question _______________. |
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discriminitive |
A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available is called a _______________ stimulus. |
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variable interval |
A _______________ schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after different time spans elapse. |
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responsive |
In ration schedules, the relationship between _______________ and reinforcement is used. |
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shaping |
Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called _______________. |
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information |
In biofeedback training reinforcement comes in the form of _______________. |
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unobservable |
The "cognitive factor" in learning refers to _______________ mental events. |
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contiguous |
When Pavlov paired the bell wit the meat powder, it is said that these two stimuli were _______________ |
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learning |
Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcement. His research illustrated the difference between _______________ and performance. |
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observation |
Bandura and his associates believe the main mechanism for learning is _______________ of others. |
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media |
There is strong evidence that there is a connection between _______________ violence and real-life violence. |
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Sensory Awareness |
WHen we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as _____________. |
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Selective attention |
When psychologists talk of focusing on a particular stimulus, they are referring to _____________ |
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preconscious |
According to Freud, _____________ material is not currently in awareness but is readily available to awareness. |
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suppression |
Consciously ejecting unwanted mental events from awareness is known as _____________. |
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self |
The totality of our impressions, thoughts, and feelings that make up our conscious existence is called the _____________. |
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frequency |
Number of waves per second is to _____________ as strength is to amplitude. |
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circadium |
A _____________ rhythm is a cycle connected to the 24-hour period of Earth's rotation. |
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stage 4 |
The deepest sleep, and the one from which it is hardest to be awakened, is _____________ |
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paradoxical |
REM sleep is called _____________ because the EEG patterns are similar to being awake. |
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memory |
Deprivation of REM sleep in humans interferes with _____________. |
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unconscious |
According to Sigmund Freud's theory a dream is a wish your heart makes. THis can be interpreted as the dreamer's on _____________ desires |
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REM |
Nightmares are generally products of _____________ sleep. |
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insomnia |
The number one sleep disorder in America is _____________. |
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narcolepsy |
_____________ seems to be a disorder of REM sleep functioning. |
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sleep apnea |
A dangerous sleep disorder in which the person's air passages are obstructed is called _____________ |
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deep sleep |
Sleep terrors typically occur in _____________ |
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hypnotism |
Today, _____________ is used to help people overcome fear and anxiety |
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attention |
Hypnosis relies on the narrowing of _____________. |
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fantasy |
According to the Freudian explanation of hypnotism _____________ and impulse are emphasized |
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mantras |
Transcendental meditation is characterized by the use of repeated words of sounds called _____________.q |
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biofeedback |
Any system that provides information about a bodily function is known as _____________ |
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alcohol |
The most popular drug on high school and college campuses in the United states is _____________ |
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substance |
According to the APA, the crucial factors in _____________ abuse are the disruption of your life by your pattern of use. |
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adopted |
_____________ children whose biological parents are alcoholics are more liekly to be alcoholics. |
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abused drug |
Alcohol is considered the number one _____________ in the world |
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binge |
_____________ drinking is defined as having four or five drinks in a row. |
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metabolize |
One reason that alcohol seems to "hit harder" in women than in men is women _____________ very little alcohol in the stomach. |
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depressants |
Opium, heroin, morphine, and Demerol are all _____________. |
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cancer |
Chronic drinking of alcohol has been linked to cirrhosis of the liver, cardiovascular disorders, and _____________. |
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nervous |
Stimulants, such as amphetamines, are substances that act by increasing the activity of the _____________ system. |
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cocaine |
Coca-Cola has been referred to as "the real thing" because up until 1906 the formula for Coca-Cola had _____________ in it. |
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nicotine |
Symptoms of withdrawl from _____________ include insomnia. |
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hydrocarbons |
The _____________ in cigarette smoke apparently leads to lung cancer |
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hallucinogen |
Marijuana is usually classified as a _____________. |
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respiratory illnesses. |
Passive smoking is connected to _____________, asthma, and lung cancer. |