Psychology Test #2

Front 1

who did the first scientific studies of memory

Back 1

Ebbinghaus

Front 2

one main factor about memory that we can learn from Ebbinghaus' experiments

Back 2

he founded the memory curve (most of the forgetting is within the first hour)

Front 3

length of sensory memory

Back 3

shorter than STM and LTM

Front 4

type of memory that was being test when flashed the letters on the screen and wrote down as many as you could remember

Back 4

visual sensory memory

Front 5

how long does information stay in STM if we dont rehearse it

Back 5

20-30 seconds

Front 6

two ways to define STM's capacity

Back 6

average person can hold about 5-9 pieces of info., holds all info repeated in 2 seconds

Front 7

chunking

Back 7

grouping information into meaningful units/chunks
Ex: remember numbers 1066201018121939

Front 8

dual coding

Back 8

recall information better if you can encode it with multiple senses; read 10 sentences easy or hard to say picture it in your mind

Front 9

LTM holds much info and how long it can hold it

Back 9

we think it can be held forever but that can't be proven

Front 10

semantic memories

Back 10

is general facts; 911 remember facts about what happened

Front 11

episodic memories

Back 11

personal events; 911 where you were who we were talking to

Front 12

implicit memories

Back 12

unintentionally learned/recalled; riding a bike- becomes effortless you can just get on and go

Front 13

explicit

Back 13

intentionally learned/recalled; riding a bike, you would really have to think about things

Front 14

serial list of items; things remembered best, worst

Back 14

things in the begginning and end get remembered best, but things in the middle are tended to be forgotten

Front 15

long-term potentiation

Back 15

strengthening connections between neurons; is the biological basis of memory

Front 16

reconstructed memory

Back 16

memories change to fit our experiences/ expectations

Front 17

what do psychologists believe to be true concerning recovered memories

Back 17

some psychologist believe in recovered memores and some of them don't

Front 18

is it possible to improve one's memory

Back 18

with practice

Front 19

learning

Back 19

relatively permanent change in behavior due to some experience

Front 20

3 criteria that would make a behavior not count as learning

Back 20

instincts, maturation, or temporary states, like fatigue

Front 21

operant conditioning

Back 21

learn to do voluntary behaviors to earn reward or aviod punishment

Front 22

reinforcer

Back 22

stimulus that follows behavior; increases likelihood of behavior

Front 23

positive and negative reinforcement examples

Back 23

stealing isn't good, but people sitll steal (positive)
taking aspirin- removes the pain (negative)

Front 24

3 characteristics punishment have to be to be effective

Back 24

swift, sufficient, consistant

Front 25

classical conditioning

Back 25

learning to produce an involuntary response with a stimulus-learning when you may not realize you have learned something

Front 26

how does social learning theory say we learn

Back 26

by observing others

Front 27

what did Bandura's Bobo doll experiment teach us about learning

Back 27

kids learn by what they see and experience

Front 28

example of classical conditioning

Back 28

vanilla stuff Dr. Ritchey's mom gave her...used when she had morning sickness from being pregnant, after baby was born still used it and got sick still

Front 29

sensation

Back 29

detecting physcial engery and encoding as neural signals (seeing it/sensing it)

Front 30

receptors

Back 30

special neurons in sense organs; translate and transmit

Front 31

perception

Back 31

organizing/interpreting sensations

Front 32

what was the point of showing you the ambiguous picture of the cow?

Back 32

we percieve the world usefully/efficiently

Front 33

psychophysics

Back 33

how things in enviornment affect your behavior

Front 34

psychophysics example

Back 34

blind women designing cockpit

Front 35

absolute threshold

Back 35

minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus (close eyes and start to shine light)

Front 36

difference threshold

Back 36

minimum difference between two stimuli (how much brighter one light is compared to another; difference between the two)

Front 37

subliminal messages

Back 37

below what your mind can detect; ex: boy with cake experiment

Front 38

do subliminal messages influence our attitudes?

Back 38

yes but effects tend to be short and subtle

Front 39

do subliminal messages influence our behavior?

Back 39

no, evidence doesn't show that it effects our behavior

Front 40

sensory adaptation example

Back 40

sensing some noise, smell, or sight over and over again and at some point the receptored in the eye, ear, or nose don't pick up on it anymore (smell of your house)

Front 41

what does the Gate Control theory say about pain?

Back 41

can work from outside in or inside out

Front 42

what do Gestalt psychologist study?

Back 42

we don't always percieve the world as it is we percieve it as useful and the easy way

Front 43

what are some of the observer characteristics that influene our perception

Back 43

motivation, expectations, experiences

Front 44

what evidence is there for perception being an inborn ability?

Back 44

blind can tell what color is what even when they were born blind

Front 45

what evidence is there for perception being influenced by our environment?

Back 45

googles that shift everything to the right 45 degrees and after a while the world looked regular and you can overcome or adapt to the change

Front 46

synaesthesia; sensation without perception or perception without sensation?

Back 46

one sensation triggers perception of another sense; perception without sensation

Front 47

what is the current theory regarding what causes synaesthesia?

Back 47

it's involuntary and durable (you have it since birth and most likely will have it for the rest of your life)

Front 48

Is ESP having sensation without perception or have perception without sensation

Back 48

perception without sensation

Front 49

what do psychologists believe about whether ESP exists or not?

Back 49

people's personal stories; have no evidence yet