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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensation
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Physical Stiulation
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Perception
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Filter organization
matching, interpretation efficiency |
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The Brain as a reduction system/ file cabinet
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Basically simplify information so it can be stored, easier to store as chunks (ex. 123 456) and store similarities. File cabinet is for LTM where information obtained is stored for a while and waits to be recalled
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Perception as subjective and biased
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Perceptions are filtered through our needs, expectations, attitudes, values, and beliefs. They often lead us to see what we expect to see.
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Top-Down Processing
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Pre-existing knowledge is used to rapidly organize features into meaningful whole.
(Expectations, motivation, experience. You already know what's going to happen) |
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Bottom-Up Processing
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Analyze information starting from the "bottom" with small sensory units *Features* and build upward to a complete perception
(You have to engage in deep processing to figure something out.) |
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Gestalt Laws of Perception
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We prefer to see things in a certain way
Our main focuses is with vision Art expects you to bring something with it We like to be orderly |
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Retina
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The light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye.
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Cones
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Work best in bright light. They produce color sensations and fine details.
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Rods
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Pure rod vision is black and white. Rods are much more sensitive to light than the cones. Therefore allow us to see in very dim light.
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Depth Perception - Binocular and monocular cues
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Depth perception is the ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances.
Binocular cues - Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimensional space which require two eyes. Monocular cues - "..." One eye |
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Sensory, STM, LTM
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Sensory - Can hold an exact copy of what you see or hear, for a few seconds or less. (Might notice Iconic memory - fleeting mental image and might notice Echoic memory - brief flurry of activity int he auditory system)
STM - holds small amounts of information in conscious awareness for a dozen seconds or so. LTM - acts as a lasting storehouse for knowledge. |
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Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
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Encoding - Changed into a usable form
Storage - Held Retrieval - taken out of storage to be useful |
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Selective attention and Encoding
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Voluntarily focusing on a specific sensory input
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Capacity and duration of STM and LTM
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STM Capacity is averaged around 7 and the duration's average is around 12 to 18 seconds
LTM Capacity is infinite, and their duration is relatively permanent |
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Chunking and Rehearsal
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Info Chunks are made up of bits of information grouped int o larger units.
Rehearsal helps prolong a memory by silently repeating it. |
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Lock and Key theory
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Chemicals produce odors when part of a molecule matches a hole of the same shape, like a piece that fits in a puzzle.
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Depth Perception - Binocular and monocular cues
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Depth perception is the ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances.
Binocular cues - Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimensional space which require two eyes. Monocular cues - "..." One eye |
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Cue-Depending theory of memory
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Memories appear to be available, but not accessible. Memory cues: Stimuli associate with a memory.
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Electrical Stimulation and forgotten memories
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When activated, some brain areas seemed to produce vivd memories of long-forgotten events
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Forgetting, Remembering and retrieval
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Forgetting - Disuse: Infrequent use of memory.
Remembering - Recognition memory: previously learned material is correctly identified Retrieval - Recalling: A direct retrieval of facts or information |
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Types of LTM - Declarative, Procedural , etc
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Declarative - That part of long-term memory containing specific factual information
Procedural - Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills Semantic Memory - A subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world Episodic memory - a subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places |
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How to improve your memory
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Recitation
Rehearsal Organization Cues Overlearning Spaced Practice - Alternating short study sessions with brief rest periods Massed Practice - Little or no rest is given between learning sessions. |
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Personality - Does it change?
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After 3 years the personalities begin to harden.
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Psychodynamic Vs. Humanistic Personality theories
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Psychodynamic theories focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
Humanistic theories stress private, subjective experience, and personal growth. |
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Trait theories of personality
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Attempt to analyze, classify, and interrelate traits.
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The Big 5 Personality Factors
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1)Extroversion
2)Agreeableness 3)Conscientiousness 4)Neuroticism 5)Openness to experience |
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Freud's structure of personality - id, ego, and superego
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Id - Self-serving, irrational, impulsive, and totally unconscious
Ego - The system of thinking, planning, problem solving, and deciding. It is in conscious control Superego - Acts as a judge or censor for the thoughts and actions of the ego |
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Levels of consciousness - Unconscious, preconscious, conscious
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Unconscious - holds repressed emotions, plus the instinctual drives of the id.
Preconscious - contains material that can be easily brought to awareness. Conscious - includes everything you are aware of at a given moment. |
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How levels of consciousness relate to the id, ego, and superego
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id is always in the unconscious, while the other two are all sometimes unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
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Defense Mechanisms
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Keeps uncomfortable thoughts buried in the unconsciousness
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How do we know someone is "abnormal/has a mental disorder"
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Maladaptive - Behavior that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life
Is it normal? Subjective discomfort(private feelings of pain, unhappiness, or emotional distress) Is it harmful to you and others? Personal discomfort Culture? subculture? Psychological disorder - lose the ability to control their thoughts, behaviors or feelings adequately |
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Labeling and Mental Disorders
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Labeling: Damages their reputation, Insurance companies look at it
Mental Disorders - A significant impairment in psychological functioning. |
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DSM-IV
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Mood Disorders
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Depressive disorders
Bipolar disorders Mood disorder due to general meical condition Substance-induced mood disorder Mood disorder not otherwise specified Mood disorders are primarily defined by the presence of extreme, intense, and long-lasting emotions |
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Anxiety Disorders
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Panic Disorder
Anxiety Disorders are marked by fear or anxiet and by distorted behavior. |
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Personality Disorder
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Dependent Personality Disorder - Fear of separation, clinging
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Orderliness, perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control Narcissistic - You think you're superior than everyone else |
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Conversion Disorders and Hypochondriasis
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Conversion Disorder - A bodily symptom that mimics a physical disability but is actually caused by an anxiety or emotional distress.
Hypochondriasis - A preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease. Ordinary physical signs are interpreted as proof that the person has a disease, but no physical disorder can be found |
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Symptoms of Paranoid Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia marked by preoccupation with delusions or by frequent and auditory hallucinations related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution
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Types of Schizophrenia and basics of each
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Disorganized type: Incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, flat or inappropriate emotions
Catatonic type: stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, purposeless behavior Paranoid type: " " Undifferentiated type: Prominent psychotic symptoms, but none of the specific features of catatonic, disorganized, or paranoid types. |
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Origins of Therapy - Early treatments for disorders
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Trepanning - Drilling holes in the head in order to relieve pain AKA the demon
Bloodletting Water Treatments Religious/Spiritual |
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Psychoanalysis
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A Freudian therapy that emphasizes the use of free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts
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Transference and Resistance in Psychoanalysis
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Transference - The tendency of patients to transfer feelings to a therapist that correspond to those the patient had for important persons in his or her past.
Resistance - A blockage in the flow of free association; topics the client resists thinking or talking about. |
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Humanistic Therapy (ESP Rogerian Therapy)
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Client-Centered Therapy- (Uncover a true self hidden behind a screen of defenses) nondirective and based on insights from conscious thoughts and feelings, therapist creates a safe "atmosphere of growth," and helps client actively seek to solve his or her problems. Emphasizes on accepting one's true self
Existential Therapy - Focuses on the problems of existence, such as meaning, choice, and responsibility. Emphasizes on making courageous life choices Gestalt Therapy - Helps people rebuild thinking, feeling, and acting into connected wholes. Emphasizes the integration of fragmented experiences |
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Behavior therapy and desensitization
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Behavior Therapy - Directive, Toolbox, homework, checklist, Practice/learn new behaviors (Any therapy designed to actively change behavior.)
Desensitization - A reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion brought about by planned exposure to aversive stimuli. |
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Cognitive Therapy
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Treatments of bad thoughts
Uses assumptions, beliefs, automatic thoughts to govern their behavior. |
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Directive vs. non-directive therapy
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Directive - a psychotherapeutic approach in which the psychotherapist directs the course of therapy by intervening to ask questions and offer interpretatia psychotherapeutic approach in which the psychotherapist refrains from giving advice or interpretation as the client is helped to identify conflicts and to clarify and understand feelings and values.
Non-directive - a psychotherapeutic approach in which the psychotherapist refrains from giving advice or interpretation as the client is helped to identify conflicts and to clarify and understand feelings and values. |
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Basic Counseling skills
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Active Listening
Clarify the problem Focus on feelings Avoid giving advice Accept the person's frame of reference Reflect thoughts and feelings Silence Questions Maintain confidentiality |