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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured
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operational definition
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the tendency for an operational definition and a property to have a clear conceptual relation
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construct validity
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the tendency for an operational definition to be related to other operational definitions
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predictive validity
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the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things
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power
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those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave
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demand characteristics
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a method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
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naturalistic observation
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measure behaviors people are unable or unlikely to control like facial expressions, reaction times, eye blink rate, etc
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ways to avoid demand characteristics
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the variable that is manipulated in an experiment
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independent variable
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the variable that is measured in a study
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dependent variable
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cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks
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neurons
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the part of a neuron that coordinates info-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
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cell body
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the part of a neuron that receives info from other neurons and relays it to the cell body
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dendrites (from/receive)
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the part of a neuron that transmits info to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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axons (to/give)
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an insulating layer of fatty material
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myelin sheath
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support cells found int he nervous system
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glial cells
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the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
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synapse
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neurons that receive info from the EXTERNAL world and convey this info to the brain via the spinal cord
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement
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motor neurons
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neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons
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interneurons
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the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
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resting potential
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discovered the neuron's resting potential when working with the giant squid's axon because it is 100 times larger than the biggest axon in humans
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biologists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley
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an electric signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse
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action potential (shuts down K+ channels and opens Na+ channels)
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the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
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refractory period
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knoblike structures that branch out from an axon
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termal buttons
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chemicals that transmit inf across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites
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neurotransmitters
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parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate a new electric signal
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receptors
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neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal
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dopamine
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a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in info transmission throughout the brain
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glutamate
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the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
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gaba
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ntmtter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior
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serotonin
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chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain
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endorphins
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drugs that increase the action of a neurtmtter
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agonists
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drugs that block the function of a neurtmtter
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antagonists
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the part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
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central nervous system
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the part of the NS that connects the CNS to the body's organs and muscles
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peripheral nervous system
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a set of nerves that conveys info into and out of the CNS
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somatic nervous system
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part of PNS that controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands
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Autonomic
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part of PNS controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
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somatic
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part of autonomic NS that prepares the body for action in threatening situations (arousing)
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sympathetic NS
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part of autonomic NS that helps the body return to a normal resting state (calming)
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parasympathetic NS
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are of brain that coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord
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hindbrain
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an extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates hart rate, circulation, and respiration
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medulla
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a brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal
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reticular formation
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large structure of the hind brain that controls fine motor skills
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cerebellum
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brain structure that relays info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
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pons
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part of midbrain that orients an organism in the environment
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tectum
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part of midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal
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tegmentum
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outermost layer of the brain visible to naked eye and divided into two hemispheres
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cerebral cortex
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areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain
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subcortical structures
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a subcortical structure that relays and filters info from the senses and transmits the info to the cerebral cortex
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thalamus
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a subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
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hypothalamus
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"master gland"
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pituitary gland
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group of forebrain structures involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory
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limbic system
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a structure critical for creatin gnew memories and inegrating them into a network of knoledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex
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hippocampus
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plays central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories
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amygdala
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directs intentional movements
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basal ganglia
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region of cerebral cortex that processes visual info
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occipital lobe
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region of cerebral cortex whose functions include processing inf about touch
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parietal lobe
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region of cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language
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temporal lobe
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region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for mvmt, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment
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frontal lobe
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allowed researchers to investigate the functions of the frontal lobe and its connections with emotion centers in the subcortical structures
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Phineas Gages's metal rod through skull
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