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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Psychology? |
Scientific study of behaviour and mental processes |
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Difference between Psychologist and Psychiatrist |
- Different qualifications - Psychiatrists can prescribe medication - Psychologists use therapies to assist clients |
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Types of psychologists
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- Clinical psychology - Clinical neuropsychology
- Community psychology - Counselling psychology - Educational and Developmental psychology - Forensic psychology - Health psychology - Organisational psychology - Sport and Exercise psychology - Biological psychology - Cognitive psychology - Personality psychology - Social psychology |
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Structuralism and Functionalism |
Structuralism: Structure of consiousness Functionalism: Functions that mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt |
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Behavioural Perspective |
- Behaviour is modified by environmental consequences like rewards and punishments
- All behaviour is learnt |
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Biological Perspective |
- Behaviour is genetic
- Mind and body are interrelated |
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Congitive Perspective |
- Relationship between thinking and behaviour - Information Processing Model |
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Sociocultural Persepctive |
- Impacts of groups and community on behaviour - Examine how behaviour is influenced by beliefs and tradition |
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Parts of a Research Report |
- Aim - Operationalised hypothesis - Participants - Method - Results - Conclusion |
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Sampling Procedures
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- Convenience Sampling
- Random Sampling - Stratified Sampling |
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Extraneous and Confounding Variables |
Extranseous variables may or may not impact the DV Confounding variables have impacted the DV |
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Ethical Principles |
- Withdrawal Rights - Confidentiality - Informed Consent - Voluntary Participation - Debriefing - Deception |
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Extraneous Variables |
- Individual Participant Differences - Experimenter Bias - Placebo Effects - Order Effects - Non-standardized instructions |
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Stages of Visual Perception System |
- Reception - Transduction - Transmission - Organisation - Interpretation |
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Reception |
- Eye recieves incoming information from environment - Visual image is captured on retina using Rods and Cones |
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Rods and Cones |
Rods: For low levels of light; Cannot detect fine details; Not involved in colour vision; Peripheral vision Cones: For high levels of light; Can detect fine details; Involved in colour vision |
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Transduction |
Convert light into electrochemial energy |
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Transmission |
Electrochemial energy sent along optic nerve to visual cortex in brain |
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Organisation |
Organises information to make it more meaningful to us |
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Interpretation |
- Give meaning to image using past experiences, context, and motives - Identify where the object is placed on visual field |
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Perceptual Constancies |
- Shape Constancy - Size Constancy |
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Pictorial Depth Cues |
- LinearPerspective - Interposition - TextureGradient - RelativeSize - Heightinthe Visual Field |
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Gestalt Principles |
- Figure and Ground Organisation
- Similarity - Proximity - Closure |
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Visual Illusions |
- Distortions of perception - Brain is tricked - Misjudge length, position, direction |
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Muller Iyer |
- Two lines with one having feather tail ends and the other having arrow head ends - Feather tail line is perceived longer Biological: Move eye movement on feather tail Behavioural: Similar to corners of buildings, inside and outside Cognitive: Misapplication of size constancy Sociocultural: Children raised in non-carpentered places were less likely to perceive image |
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Ames Room |
- Person walking from one corner to the other is percieved larger - Room is distorted and one corner is closer and the ceiling is lower - Marking on room encourage shape constancy to perceive room as rectangular - Maintain shape but lose size constancy |
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Nature vs Nurture |
Nature: Born with thoughts, feelings and behaviour Nurture: Thoughts, feelings and behaviour are acquired through life experiences |
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Infancy |
0-2 - Development of motor skills - Thinking, memory and problem solving develops - Recognise themselves |
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Childhood |
2-12 - Brain development continues - Understanding language - Logical thinking - Sophisticated pretend play - Friendship groups established |
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Adolescence |
12-20 - Growth spurts - More logical thinking - Quest for independence |
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Early Adulthood |
20-40 - Neural connections in brain most effective - Thinking becomes rational and stable - Adjustment to new roles like marriage, parenthood and work |
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Middle Age |
40-65
- Reactions and muscles slow - Stable cognitive function and peak in expertise - Stable self-identity |
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Old Age |
65+ - Continued physical decline - Reaction time and speed slows - Self esteem is very good |
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Twin and Adoption Studies |
- Identical twins have same genes therefore environment affects their behaviour - Adoption means different environment that the children are brought up in - Can see effects of parenting |
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Harlow Theory |
- Comfort is more important than food - Experiment shows monkey spends more time with cloth monkey rather than wire monkey |
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Gibson Perceptual Development |
Affordance: Relationship between individual and environment Individual is an Active Explorer |
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Piaget Cognitive Development |
Sensorimotor 0-2 Pre-operational 2-7 Concrete operational 7-12 Formal operational 12+ |
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Sensorimotor |
0-2 - Objectpermanence - Goaldirect behaviour |
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Pre-Operational |
2-7 - Egocentrism - Decentring - Animism - Transformation - Centration - Revesibility |
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Concrete Operational |
7-12 - Conservation - Classification |
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Formal Operational |
12+ - Abstract thinking - Logical thinking |
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Kohlberg Moral Development |
Preconventional 0-9: Infancy, Pre-school Conventional 10-15: School age, School age Postconventional 16+: Teens, Adulthood |
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Preconventional |
0-9 Choices are based around rules - Behaviour based on fear of punishment - Doing good to be rewarded |
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Conventional |
10-15 Considerate of others - Doing good for others - Following society rules rather than friendship groups |
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Post Conventional |
16+ Define values based on own ethical principles - Right is defined by one's own conscience - Not necessarily what everyone wants |
