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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the GOLDEN RULE of experiments? |
Experiments involve a minimum of 2 conditions (groups) |
A minimum of _________ groups |
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Why are a minimum of 2 conditions used? |
It allows for comparison and contrasting of groups |
It allows for ________and _______ of groups |
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What is an independent variable? |
The variable which the RESEARCHER manipulates |
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What is the definition of a dependent variable? |
The variable which is recorded by the researcher (measure the changes) |
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What are the 3 types of experiments? |
Lab, Natural/Quasi, Field |
L__, N______/Q____, F_____ |
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What is the definition of an extraneous variable? |
The variable OTHER THAN the independent variable that can cause a change in the dependant variable |
The variable that lab experiments attempt to get rid of |
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What is the definition of the CAUSE AND EFECT RELATIONSHIP? |
One thing causes another to change . |
This cannot always be established in experiments research |
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How can you identify the key features of an experiment? |
Where, Independent variable, Dependent variable, Extraneous Variable, Procedure |
W____, Iv, Dv, Ev, p________ |
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What are the key features of a lab experiment? |
1) Tightly controlled, artificial environment 2) Researcher manipulates the IV 3) The researcher measured the DV 4)It's the ONLY experiment where and attempt to minimise the EV is made 5)It uses STANDARDISED PROCEDURES |
There's 5 points |
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What are the features of STANDARDISED PROCEDURES? |
(1) Every participant has the SAME experience (2)Allows replications of the experiment/results to be made |
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What was the name of Albert Bandura's experiment? |
The bobo doll experiment |
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What happened in the Bobo doll experiment? |
Children watched adults show MODELLED aggression towards the infalteable bobo doll |
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What did the children do once they were exposed to the doll ? |
The children replicated the aggression shown by the model towards the doll. |
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How did Bandura believe behaviours were learnt? |
Through OBSERVATION and IMITATION |
o___________ and i_________ |
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What is the theory by bandura also known as? |
THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY |
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What are the 2 types of models? |
Live models and Symbolic models |
Teachers (1) Celebrities (2) |
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What are the 2 types of models? |
Live models and Symbolic models |
Teachers (1) Celebrities (2) |
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What is the process that took place in the Bobo Doll experiment also known as? |
Modelling |
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What does the process of modelling involve? |
Observing the model and then choosing wether to imitate or not |
O______ I_________ |
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What are the 2 types of models? |
Live models and Symbolic models |
Teachers (1) Celebrities (2) |
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What was the procedure used in the bobo doll experiment? |
Standardised procedures- all children were exposed to the same doll and encountered the same toys |
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What is the process that took place in the Bobo Doll experiment also known as? |
Modelling |
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What does the process of modelling involve? |
Observing the model and then choosing wether to imitate or not |
O______ I_________ |
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When is imitation more likely? |
When we find similarities with the model |
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Why is imitation more likely when we find similarities with the model? |
We see shared characteristics, so we assume the same outcome/reward |
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What happens during imitation? |
Internal mental processes. We think. |
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What do we think about during imitation? |
Wether imitation is desired/possible
Wether the consequences are positive/ negative outcomes
We then form a decision wether to imitate |
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Where did the bobo doll experiment take place? |
Labs in Stamford university (artificial environment) |
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What were the Iv and dv of the bobo doll experiment? |
Iv- the level of aggression witnessed by the children
Dv- the level of aggression expressed by the children |
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What was the Ev's in the bobo doll experiment? |
Children weren't learning aggression but we're trying to please the researcher (demand characteristics)
Boys were naturally more aggressive due to high levels of testosterone |
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What are the 2 types of models? |
Live models and Symbolic models |
Teachers (1) Celebrities (2) |
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What was the procedure used in the bobo doll experiment? |
Standardised procedures- all children were exposed to the same doll and encountered the same toys |
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What is the definition of Ecological validity ? |
The extent at which findings from a research study can be generalised to real life scenarios/settings |
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What is the definition of high ecological validity and low ecological validity ? |
High validity- Findings of the study can be generalised to real life scenarios
Low validity- findings of the research study cannot be generalised (if the experiment happens in an artificial environment) |
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What is the definition of reliability? |
The consistency of a research study or measuring test |
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What is the definition of internal and external reliability ? |
Internal- assesses the consistency of results across items within the test
External- extent at which a measure varies from one use to another (multiple tests/measuring different items) |
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What is the definition of Demand characteristics? |
A subtle cue making participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find/participants are expected to behave |
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How do experimenters deal with demand characteristics? |
mislead participants Minimise the contact they have with participants Use a double blind study |
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What is the definition of internal validity? |
The extent at which a study can rule out or make unlikely alternate explanations of the results |
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How many variables does internal validity address? |
2 (the relationship between them) |
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What is the definition of threats to internal validity? |
Influences (except Iv) that might explain the results of a study |
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What is the process that took place in the Bobo Doll experiment also known as? |
Modelling |
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What are some examples of threats to internal validity? |
History Maturation (of participants) Attrition (loss of subjects) Instrumentation (changed in measuring procedure) |
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What does the process of modelling involve? |
Observing the model and then choosing wether to imitate or not |
O______ I_________ |
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When is imitation more likely? |
When we find similarities with the model |
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Why is imitation more likely when we find similarities with the model? |
We see shared characteristics, so we assume the same outcome/reward |
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What happens during imitation? |
Internal mental processes. We think. |
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What do we think about during imitation? |
Wether imitation is desired/possible
Wether the consequences are positive/ negative outcomes
We then form a decision wether to imitate |
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Where did the bobo doll experiment take place? |
Labs in Stamford university (artificial environment) |
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What were the Iv and dv of the bobo doll experiment? |
Iv- the level of aggression witnessed by the children
Dv- the level of aggression expressed by the children |
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What was the Ev's in the bobo doll experiment? |
Children weren't learning aggression but we're trying to please the researcher (demand characteristics)
Boys were naturally more aggressive due to high levels of testosterone |
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