Psychology Study Guide Test 2

Front 1

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Back 1

records electrical waves moving across the brain's surface

Front 2

PET (positron emission tomography) Scan

Back 2

follows radioactive form of glucose while brain performs a given task

Front 3

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Back 3

magnetic fields and radio waves produce computer-generated images that show different types of brain tissue

Front 4

brainstem

Back 4

oldest part of brain; automatic survival functions

Front 5

medulla

Back 5

base of brainstem; heartbeat and breathing

Front 6

reticular formation

Back 6

nerve network in brainstem; helps control arousal

Front 7

thalamus

Back 7

communication center

Front 8

cerebellum

Back 8

little brain; voluntary movements and balance

Front 9

limbic system

Back 9

emotions; includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

Front 10

hippocampus

Back 10

memory

Front 11

amygdala

Back 11

two almond shaped clusters; fear and anger

Front 12

hypothalamus

Back 12

below thalamus; reward center; eating, drinking, temperature, emotions; helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland

Front 13

cerebral cortex

Back 13

frontal (forehead), parietal (top), occipital (back), temporal (side); voluntary movements, sneses, vision, language

Front 14

plasticity

Back 14

brain's ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness

Front 15

corpus collosum

Back 15

band of axon fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres

Front 16

effects of severing the corpus collosum

Back 16

reduce seizures, each hemisphere separate, ambidextrous

Front 17

chromosome

Back 17

molecule of DNA containing instructions to make proteins

Front 18

DNA

Back 18

contains genetic info

Front 19

genes

Back 19

basic units for transmitting heredity

Front 20

human genome

Back 20

code for making human beings; 99.5% the same for any 2 people

Front 21

gene pairs

Back 21

23 pairs; 23rd pair is the sex chromosome

Front 22

genotype

Back 22

genetic info on the 23 chromosome pairs

Front 23

phenotype

Back 23

physcial appearance and behavior of a person

Front 24

gene-environment interaction

Back 24

environment affects your genes

Front 25

dominant recessive

Back 25

influence of one gene is greater than that of another gene

Front 26

monozygotic twins

Back 26

originate from one zygote and share 100% of their genes

Front 27

dizygotic twins

Back 27

two sperm penetrate two ova and share 50% of their genes

Front 28

collectivist

Back 28

interdependent on others

Front 29

individualist

Back 29

independent of others

Front 30

effect of environment on brain development

Back 30

loved nurtured babies develop faster

Front 31

prenatal periods

Back 31

stages of pregnancy; germinal, embryonic, fetal

Front 32

germinal stage (0-2 wks)

Back 32

conceptionin fallopian tubes; cell differentiation and multiplication; 42% successfully implant

Front 33

embryonic stage (3-8 wks)

Back 33

major organs develop; at 8 weeks, organism less than 2" long

Front 34

fetal stage (9 wks-birth)

Back 34

sex organs develop; significant brain development; age of viability occurs around 22 wks

Front 35

age of viability

Back 35

when a preterm baby can be born and survive; around 22 wks

Front 36

teratology

Back 36

study of birth defects

Front 37

teratogens

Back 37

agents harmful to the developing organism

Front 38

critical period

Back 38

time of greates vulnerability for each body structure

Front 39

determining risk

Back 39

critical period, amount of exposure, genetic vulnerability

Front 40

birthweight

Back 40

average weight 7 1/2 lbs; low birthweight less than 5 1/2 lbs; preterms is less than 35 weeks

Front 41

apgar scale

Back 41

assessment of risk taken 1 and 5 minutes after birth; 5 vital signs: appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

Front 42

newborn growth rates

Back 42

triple birthweight in 1 year; by age two, about 1/2 adult height and 1/4 adult weight

Front 43

reflexes

Back 43

aid survival; stepping, palmar grasp, sucking, rooting, babinski

Front 44

brain maturation

Back 44

brain development occurs in order according to genetic instructions; neural connections develop

Front 45

memory

Back 45

earliest age of conscious memory around 3 1/2 years

Front 46

Jean Piaget

Back 46

most influential cognitive psychologists in last century; studied development of children

Front 47

schemas

Back 47

mental molds we make of things

Front 48

assimilation

Back 48

fitting new experiences into our current understanding

Front 49

accomodation

Back 49

must modify or create a new schema because something new doesn't fit into our schema

Front 50

attachment

Back 50

bond that infants have with others

Front 51

frontal cortex

Back 51

develops as child learns how to think and react on deeper levels

Front 52

development of reasoning

Back 52

stages of reasoning development

Front 53

sensorimotor stage

Back 53

sensory and motor interactions with objects

Front 54

preoperational stage

Back 54

too young to perform complex mental operations

Front 55

concrete operational stage

Back 55

grasp conservation, can perform mathematics

Front 56

formal operational stage

Back 56

abstract thinking

Front 57

morality

Back 57

development of moral reasoning

Front 58

preconvential morality

Back 58

avoid punishment or gain reward

Front 59

conventional morality

Back 59

social rules and laws upheld for own sake

Front 60

postconventional morality

Back 60

agreed-upon rights and personally perceived ethical principles

Front 61

identity

Back 61

trying to decide where we fit; may try on two or more attitudes