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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kendler et al. (1991) |
A: effect of genetics of bulimia nervosa P: 2000 female twins, one twin had bulimia, interviews in a longitudinal study to see if the other twin would develop it as well F: concordance rate of 23% in MZ and 9% in DZ |
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Geracioti (2001) |
A: noradrenaline levels in PTSD patients P: tested blood in PTSD and non-PTSD patients and stimulated the adrenal system to secrete noradrenaline F: PTSD had higher levels than average and panic attacks were induced in 10%, flashbacks in 40% |
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Alloy et al. (1999) |
A: whether cognitive patterns affect thinking P: followed a sample of young american men for 6 years after placing them in positive or negative thinking groups F: 1% of pos and 17% of neg developed depression |
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Sanders and Balzagette (1993) |
A: influence of media on children's dolls P: analyzed Barbie, Sindy, and Little Mermaid and compared them to real women F: the dolls had tiny hips and waists as well as exaggerated leg measurements |
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Rosenhan (1973) |
A: challenge reliability and validity of diagnosis P: 8 healthy people claimed they were hearing voices, 7 diagnosed with schizophrenia, 1 with manic depression, took between 7-52 days to be discharged F: low reliability and validity in diagnosis |
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Rosenhan (1973) - Follow-up |
A: challenge reliability and validity of diagnosis P: informed hospitals that pseudo patients would attempt to be admitted when none did F: 193 patients judged, 41 identified as pseudo by at least one staff member, 23 suspected by psychiatrists |
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Rosenhan and Seligman (1984) Criteria of abnormality |
Suffering Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Vividness and unconventionality Violation of moral and ideal standards Observer discomfort |
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Jahoda (1958) Mental Health Criteria |
Absence of mental illness Realistic self-perception and contact with reality Strong sense of identity and positive self-esteem Autonomy and independence Ability to maintain healthy relationships Capacity for personal growth and self-activation |
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Cooper et al. (1972) |
A: reliability of depression and schizophrenia diagnosis P: asked US and UK psychiatrists to diagnose patients by watching clinical interviews F: UK diagnosed depression twice as often and US diagnosed schizophrenia twice as often |
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Mitchel et al. (2009) |
A: validity of depression diagnosis P: meta-analysis of data from 41 clinical trials that used semi-structures interviews F: 80% reliability in identifying healthy individuals and 50% reliability in depression diagnosis, more likely to identify false positive signs of depression after first meeting |
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Kleinman (1982) |
A: if neurasthenia in China is similar to depression in DSM-III P: interviewed 100 patients diagnosed with neurasthenia using structured interviews F: 87% could be classified as suffering from depression, depressed mood was main complaint in 9% of cases |
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Jenkins-Hall and Sacco (1991) |
A: ethnicity bias in diagnosis P: presented videotapes of a person in therapy to EA therapists, male/female, black/white, depressed/non-depressed symptoms F: rated non-depressed patients the same way, AA's were more likely to receive false positive diagnoses (ex. depressed in absence of symptoms) |
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Fallon and Rozin (1985) |
A: gender difference in body image perception P: US undergraduates shown figures of their own sex and asked to indicate most similar to them, their ideal, and most attractive to the other sex F: women indicated a heavier current body shape than the most attractive shape, men chose similar for all three |
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Sutker et al. (1995) |
A: examine and compare PTSD and non-PTSD individuals on availability of personal resources P: 1432 Gulf war veterans underwent psychological debriefing within one year of return, correlational F: PTSD felt less satisfaction with social support, less family cohesion, more self-blame, ann\d avoidant coping |
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Becker et al. (2002) |
A: changes in eating pattern after TV in Fiji P: surveys and semi-structured interviews on issues such as dieting, TV viewing, body satisfaction, and purging with adolescent girls F: increase in dieting from 0% in 1995 to 11.3% in 1998 |
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Breslau et al. (1991) |
A: prevalence of PTSD and associated risk factors P: longitudinal study of 1007 adults exposed to community violence F: prevalence rate of 11.3% in women and 6% in men |
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Goldstein et al. (1995) |
A: investigate the effect of antidepressants on bulimia nervosa patients P: double-blind parallel study in men and women who took fluoxetine (SSRI) or a placebo, change in vomiting and binging measured over 16 weeks F: SSRI led to significantly greater reductions in vomiting and binge-eating episode |
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Fairburn (1997) |
CBT is considered the best psychological treatment for bulimia involving replacing binge eating with a pattern of regular eating and trying to avoid compensatory behaviors, therapy sessions, and program maintenance |
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McKisack et al. (1997) |
A: effectiveness of group therapy in bulimia nervosa treatment P: reviewed research while considering therapy dose, concurrent treatment, client characteristics, and theoretical orientation F: better outcomes are associated with longer, more intensively scheduled groups with the addition of other treatment components |
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Schmidt et al. (2007) |
A: compare CBT and family therapy in bulimia P: randomized controlled test of CBT and compared to family therapy with a group of 85 adolescent bulimia patients F: both resulted in significant reduction in binging and purging behaviors, CBT more effective speed-wise |
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Pampallona et al. (2004) |
A: whether combining anti-depressants and psychotherapy was more effective in depression treatment P: 16 randomized controlled studies including 932 patients taking antidepressants and 910 receiving combined treatment F: combined treatment led to significantly more improvement than drugs alone |
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McClelland and Atkinson (1961) Need Achievement Motivation Theory |
Human motivation is the balance between the motivation to succeed and the fear of failure, ex. enjoyment of sport and competitive anxiety Approach-avoidance conflict: motivated to participate to succeed, motivated to not participate to avoid failure |
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Deci (1975) Cognitive Evaluation Theory |
Events that affect one's feelings of competence and self determination have an effect on the level of intrinsic motivation. The controlling aspect determines for whom one is doing it, the informational aspect changes ones feelings of competence |
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Ryan (1977) |
A: effect of athletic scholarship on motivation P: surveyed male scholarship and non-scholarship football players to examine the link between external rewards and type of motivation emphasized by the athlete F: scholarship reported less intrinsic motivation and higher levels of dissatisfaction in the game |
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Nicholls (1984) Achievement Goal Theory |
An individual's internal sense of ability is a central achievement motive. The goals people adopt and how they define success and failure to those goals will influence their situation. (task-goal/Ego-goal orientation) |
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Weinberg et al. (1994) |
A: the effect of goal setting on performance P: season-long study of university lacrosse players, matched-pairs design, assigned to goal-setting group with feedback or a control group F: goal setters had consistently higher levels of performance throughout the season |
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Yerkes and Dodson (1908) Inverted-U Hypothesis |
There is an optimum level of physiological arousal for every task and after this level is reached, performance drops off |
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Oxendine (1970) |
The more complex skills need less arousal for optimal performance whereas less complex skills require high arousal. |
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Fazey and Hardy (1988) Catastrophe Model |
When cognitive anxiety increases beyond the optimal level, the drop-off in performance is not gradual, but rather declines dramatically |
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Hanin (1997) Individualized Zone of Optimal Functioning |
The relationship between anxiety and sport performance is best explained by individual differences in optimal pre-competition anxiety |
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Amnesi (1998) |
A: investigate IZoF P: established the IZoF of three elite tennis players who were instructed in anxiety reducing techniques, measured anxiety before competitions and used techniques to move into IZoF to use anxiety as a facilitator F: increase in performance quality |
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Munroe (2000) Functions of Mental Imagery |
Cognitive specific (skills) Cognitive general (strategies and rehearsal) Motivational specific (outcome goals) Motivational general (arousal) |
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Rushall (1970) |
A: effect of mental rehearsal on swimming performance P: individuals compared over six sessions with no mental rehearsal or 30 sec rehearsal of the 50-yard butterfly while looking at the pool F: performance was significantly better after the rehearsal techniques |
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Carpenter (1894) Psychoneuromuscular Theory |
Imagery rehearsal stimulates the actual motor pattern that is being rehearsed, thus mental imagery strengthens the related neural pathways |
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Van Raalte et al. (1994) |
A: effect of self-talk on tennis players P: assessed junior tennis player's use of audible or overt self-talk during competitive matches via the self-talk and gestures rating scale F: match winners used less negative self-talk |
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Horn and Lox (1993) Expectation-Performance Model |
1: The coach develops an expectation 2: Expectations influence treatment 3: Treatment affects performance, learning, self-concept, aspirations, and motivation 4: Behavior and performance conform to expectations, thus reinforcing them |
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Duda and Pensgaard (2002) Techniques to Improve Motivation |
Focus on instruction and emphasize the importance of the link between improved technique and success Facilitate group goal-setting Give personal feedback Acknowledge all athletes make mistakes Treat all participants as important |
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Chase et al. (1997) |
A: coaches' efficacy beliefs in relation to perf. P: four female coaches of women's basketball answered questionnaires about confidence in their team's abilities to perform specific skills F: only able to reliably predict performance for two skills, good performance contributed to high efficacy expectations |
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García-Bengoecha (2003) |
A: how athletes perceived influence of factors other than coach on motivation P: qualitative study with in-depth, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews about 12 adolescents' perceptions on influences F: coach is central socializing factor, peers and parents also play an important role, coaches and parents main source of pressure and control |
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McGrath (1970) |
An athlete is stressed when there is a perceived imbalance between the physiological and psychological demands and the athlete's capability and when failure to meet the demand has important consequences |
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Gould et al. (1993) |
A: which coping strategies successful athletes used P: questionnaires to wrestlers and figure skaters to find out how they managed stress, themes organized into four dimensions F: coping strategies were a mix of problem focused and emotion focused, figure skaters reported using social support |
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Hardy and Crace (1990) Grief Response Model |
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
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Game Theory |
The rules of cycling prohibit the use of PED, but they are difficult to detect and the payoffs are great due to effectiveness. To not use drugs when others do means you are not competitive. Without stricter penalties, the incentive to cheat is present |
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Anshel (1991) |
A: causes of PED use among elite athletes P: personal interviews with 126 male and female athletes from USA and 9 sports focusing on exploring reasons for drug use F: 64% aware of team use, 43% acknowledged use to enhance performance, need to be competitive, increase strength, control weight, reduce pain, relax, and cope with stress |
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Heidi Krieger |
A victim of a state-sponsored program in the DDR to produce superior athletes. Given anabolic steroids without knowledge from age 16. Had a deep voice, increased body and facial hair, and a masculine appearance at 18. Ended career due to knee, hip, and back problems. Became depressed and had a sex-change operation. |
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Olrich (1999) |
A: study athlete's perception of drug effects P: qualitative interviews with 10 male bodybuilders about their perception on the use and discontinuance of steroids, 5 using, 5 stopped F: 1 experienced minor unpleasant side effects and guilt, most positive about using due to increased self-confidence and energy |
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Smith (1986) Cognitive-Affective Model |
Burnout is the result of a process that involves physiological, psychological, and behavioral factors that interact and progress in four predictable stages, each influenced by the level of motivation and personality |
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Gould et al. (1996, 1997) |
A: detect possible causes of burnout P: longitudinal study of elite youth tennis players F: found a number of personal and situational factors linked to burnout: physical, logistical, social, interpersonal, and psychological concerns |
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Raedeke (1997) Entrapment Theory |
Based on the assumption that athletes consider cost and benefits associated with athletic participation. Burnout is seen as a lack of motivation and commitment due to an imbalance between the perceived costs and benefits |
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Raedeke (1997) |
A: athlete burnout with a focus on reasons for participating P: 236 swimmers aged 13-18 completed a questionnaire that assessed possible determinants of commitment and burnout F: athletes who scored high on sport entrapment scored higher on burnout scores compared to high scorers on attraction-related reasons |
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Meichenbaum (1985) Stress Inoculation Theory |
The athlete is exposed to and learns to cope with stress in increasing amounts, thereby increasing immunity Conceptualization Rehearsal Application |
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Smith (1980) Cognitive Affective Stress Management |
An integrated approach of mental and physical coping strategies Pre-treatment assessment Treatment rationale Skill acquisition Skill rehearsal |
