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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Experimental methods |
Laboratory Field Natural Quasi |
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Laboratory |
An experiment is considered a lab experiment when all variables are controlled Advantage: Accurate measures can be taken because of an increase control over variable. You are aware of the cause and effects as you have control over the IV. Standardised procedures- easy to replicate. Disadvantage: High chance of demand characteristics. Ecological validity is low as the scenario is artificial. Ethical considerations. |
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Field |
A field experiment takes place an a natural environment somehow the IV is also manipulated by the experimenter Advantage: There is less of a chance for demand characteristics to occur. Also ecological validity is higher. Disadvantage: There is less control over extraneous variables which might bias the results . There is more of a chance of a low internal validity Deception- most of the time people are told a different thing Harder to replicate- almost impossible |
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Natural |
In this situation there is no control over IV. E.g. if you are doing an experiment on prisoners you don't have any control on who is in prison. Advantage: There is no Demand characteristics Ecological validity is high- due to the lack of experimental manipulation It allows experimenters to investigate something they wont be able to experiment (e.g prison) Disadvantage: There is a difficulty in finding a cause and effect due to lack of control over extraneous variables Impossible to replicate |
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Quasi |
In this situation again there is no control over the IV it's naturally occurring. Advantage: High ecological validity No demand characteristics Disadvantage: Low internal validity There is no control over extraneous variables so this may bias the results |
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Observations |
Structured Unstructured Naturalistic Controlled Covert Overt Participant Non-participant |
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Structured |
A structured observation is a method where by you categorise information for example when certain behaviours can be ticked. |
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Unstructured |
In this type of observation the observer takes detailed notes on everything that is occurring. |
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Naturalsitic |
This type of observation is studied in a natural situation and the researcher does not interfere. |
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Control |
In this observation some aspects of the environment are organised by the experimenter such as particular objects. however this reduces the naturalness of the environment. |
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Covert |
A covert observation is when you are not aware that an observation is taking place. Advantage: High ecological validity Rich data can be collected- unexpected behaviours It's easier to overcome ethical issues such as Informed consent Disadvantage: Informed consent can not be given Observer bias Replication is hard |
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Overt |
In this situation the Participants are aware of what is happening. Advantage: Informed consent is given Disadvantage: Demand characteristics |
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Participant |
In this type of observation the observer will be taking part of the situation either overtly or covertly. |
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Non-participant |
The observer watches from distance and does not interfere in the situation. |
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Questionaires |
A questionnaire is a self report measure Advantage: Easy to replicate A lot of data can be collected Open questions and closed Questions Disadvantage: It's time consuming |
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Interview |
Structured Semi-structured Unstructured |
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Structured |
For this type of interview there are a set of questions which they have to answer there is no deviation from this questions |
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Semi-structured |
There are some some deviations from the set questions |
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Unstructured |
In this type of interview the interview begins with general aims and a few starting questions, therefore the conversations develops depending on the answer given. |
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Correlation |
Three types of correlation Positive Negative No correlation Disadvantages: No cause and effect can be established It's subject to how you collected it |
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Hypothesis |
Directional Non-directional Null |
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Directional |
It states the expected direction of the results E.g. Blondes have more fun than Brunettes 1 tailed |
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Non-Directional |
Is when it states that there will be a difference between the two conditions. E.g. there will be a diffidence between how much fun blondes and brunettes have 2 tailed |
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Null |
It states that there will be no difference between the two conditions. |
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Sampling |
Random Opportunity Volunteer Stratified Systematic |
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Random |
Random sampling is when every single person of that population you are testing had an equal chance to be chosen. E.g. pull name out of the hat Advantage: Unbiased All members have an equal chance of being selected Disadvantage: It requires the list of names of the entire populations- impossible Time consuming |
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Opportunity |
People are recruited because of convenience or availability Advantage: Is the easiest method Takes less time Disadvantage: Biased sample- lack population validity |
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Volunteer |
Is advertised on the internet or newspaper etc. Advantage: Gives access to a variety of participants Disadvantage: P's might be highly motivated or short on money which leads to volunteer biased
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Stratified |
The researcher divides the entire population into different subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. Advantage: More representatives Disadvantage: Time consuming |
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Systematic |
Use a predetermined system to select Participants every 20th person that enters a room. Advantage: Unbiased Disadvantage: It's not random unless you select the first person random who enters the room so you can begin counting. |
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Ethical Issues |
Informed consent Deception The right to withdraw Protection from Harm confidentiality Privacy |
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Informed consent |
They are aware it's happening and they know what will be occurring and for what reason |
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Deception |
When someone had given their consent for something they were told but the experimenter deceived them by not giving them all the information or telling them a different purpose |
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The right to withdraw |
The right to leave the experiment at all times |
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Protection from harm |
Make shore they wont be put under physical or psychological harm |
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Confidentiality |
Publishing personal information of the participants |
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Privacy |
People would not be expected to be observed by others in certain situation. experimenters must study participants for awareness as some things could be seen as a n invasion of privacy |
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Control of variables |
Confounding Extraneous Mundane realism Generalisation Internal validity External validity |
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Confounding |
Confounding variables are external variables that affect the DV such as room temperature |
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Extraneous |
Extraneous variables are personal characteristics of people that may affect the DV. For example some people have abetter memory than others and therefore will perform better in a memory assessment. |
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Realism |
Mundane realism is the extent of which features and results of a study mirror the real world |
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Generalisation |
The findings of a study may not be applicable to everyone if they lack mundane realism or the participants know they are being studied ( demand characteristics) |
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Internal |
Internal validity is high when the study is testing what it's supposed to be testing. So, the IV causes the DV |
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External |
External validity is high when the results of the study can be generalised there are two parts to this there is ecological validity and population validity. Whether the environment setting is very like a real- life situation and population validity is whether the sample used can be extrapolated to a whole population. |
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Dealing with ethical issues |
Ethical guidelines Cost-benefit analysis Ethics committees punishment Informed consent Deception The right to withdraw Protection from harm Confidentiality Presumption consent Privacy |
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Ethical guidelines |
Its important that there are guidelines which psychologists can look at and see what is acceptable and not. Advantages: Absolve the researcher of responsibility Disadvantage: It's a guideline its not a law therefore people may not necessarily take it in consideration People can also find loopholes and make some things acceptable even though they may not be |
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Cost-benefit analysis |
A committee analysis whether trespassing ethical guidelines of the participants or society is worth the study and it's findings. therefore they make their judgement upon perspectives of society. Disadvantage: This creates a lot of dilemmas as people think it's trespassing a lot of ethical issues |
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Ethics committees |
They are the people that approve studies on the judgement of cost-benefit |
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Punishment |
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Informed consent |
I would ask each participant individually to sign a document in which i describe the procedure of the experiment and his rights such as the right to withdraw. Disadvantage: Some people may not understand the consent document but they would sign it anyway. |
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Deception |
After the experiment each participant individually should be debriefed. They must be asked if they feel that they have been harmed psychologically or physically of they suffer of any distress if they feel that their privacy has been compromised or if they feel deceived. Disadvantage: Because debriefing can happen after the experiment or study it wouldn't make a change as the harm would have already happened and it's not going to change anything. |
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The right to withdraw |
This is part of informed consent the Participants must be told in advance that they are allowed to withdraw at any point during the study Disadvantage: People may feel like they can't as they have made that agreement with the experimenter and they do no want to break it Another problem with this is that sometimes experimenter use pros to make the participants feel like they cant leave just like in the Milgram study |
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Protection from harm |
Researcher must stop the study at any point when they feel that the participant is in physical or psychological pain or that any harm may come to them. Also the experimenter could conduct a pilot study. Disadvantage: This may only be apparent with hindsight- after the harm as been produces |
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Confidentiality |
Confidentiality is very important as the person wants to remain anonymous therefore when we expose the findings of a study or case study we must make shore that details that may give away the identity of the person are kept hidden. Disadvantage: People mays still workout the identity of that person |
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Privacy
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Invading someone personal privacy is wrong therefore this studies should be conducted in public as people know that in public they are being watched. Disadvantage: It's very debatable what counts as a public place and what doesn't, therefore it makes it unacceptable as its different from being watched and someone watching you and taking notes about your behaviour. People also have different limits |
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Presumption consent
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Hypothetical consent- people don't give consent but they think that they wouldn't mind if they knew. Such as CCTV in public places.
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Experimental design
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Repeated measures Independent measures Matched pairs Counterbalancing |
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Repeated measures
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Using repeated measure design you have to make all the participants do both conditions and than compare the results
Disadvantage: People can get bored and therefore may perform worst in codnition twoAlso they are more likely to guess the aim of the study |
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Independent measures |
If you use the independent measure design you have to split the number of participants into two groups and make one group perform the first condition and the second group perform the second codnition. Disadvantage: You need more participants |
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Matched pair |
The participants ar split into categories such as age, gender or IQ. Than they perform the tasks Disadvantage: It's time consuming Large number of participants needed Also the matching may not account for all variable that matter |
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Self report design |
Clarity of the question Bias Analysis Other Recording interviews
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Clarity of the question |
You must avoid ambiguity and d Outlet baralled questions. You want the questions to have the same affect on everyone and not have a different interpretations of the question. |
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Bias |
It's necessary that leading questions are avoided as it's been proven that they can manufacture a new fake memory |
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Analysis |
There are many ways in which you can analyse answers you can use closed or open questions. Closed questions are more likely to be used in a questionnaire whereas open in an interview. Advantage open questions: You can collect richer data as there will be more details any you may acces unexpected answers Disadvantage open questions: This type of questions see Ed harder to analyses ad also repondes may not give full answers as they may not want to get into details Advantage closed questions: Quantitative data is produced It's easier to summarise and draw conclusions Disadvantage closed questions: However answers may lack validity because of forced choice |
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Recording interviews |
During a recording int review you are more lik.ley to act differently as you feel evaluated |
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Other research method |
Meta-analysis Case study Content analysis |
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Meta analysis |
This is a data analysts from diff to studies that have the same aim or hypothesis etc. Advantage: Rich numerical value Disadvantage: Some of the studies may not be comparable |
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Case study |
This is involving one individual it's based on one single person. Advantage: In empty data about a rare/ uncommon event or behaviour Disadvantage: Generalisation however may not be justified as we don not know how that person was before hand |
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Content analysis |
Form of indirect observation of other people's findings Advantage: High in ecological validity because it's based on real events Disadvantage : Observer bias |
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Finito |
Finito |
