Psychology Quiz 4 Review

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

is the ability to retain information overtime using 3 processes

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

making mental representation of information so we can place it into your memories

Front 3

Storing

Back 3

placing encoded information into relatively permanent storage for later (process of maintaining the information in memory)

Front 4

Retrieving

Back 4

recalling information that has been stored in a short-term or long-term storage (bringing the information to mind)

Front 5

Sensory Memory
Functions

Back 5

holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics

Front 6

Sensory Memory
capacity

Back 6

large (it can hold many items at once)

Front 7

Sensory Memory
duration

Back 7

very brief retention of images
3 seconds for visual information
2 seconds for auditory information

Front 8

Sensory Memory
Miscellaneous

Back 8

forms automatically, without attention or interpretation
attention is needed to transfer information to working memory

Front 9

Short-Term Memory
Function

Back 9

conscious processing of information (where information is actively worked on)

Front 10

Short-Term Memory
Capacity

Back 10

limited (it holds 7 to 9 items)

Front 11

Short-Term Memory
Duration

Back 11

brief storage (about 30 seconds)

Front 12

Short-Term Memory
Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 12

mental or verbal repetition of information allows data to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds

Front 13

Short-Term Memory
Chunking

Back 13

grouping small bits of information into large units (expands working memory load)

Front 14

Short-Term Memory
Chunking
Example

Back 14

Instead of...
123456789
Use chunking...
123 45 6789

Front 15

Long-Term Memory
Process

Back 15

once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into LTM

Front 16

Long-Term Memory
Function

Back 16

organizes and stores information (more passive form of storage than working memory)

Front 17

Long-Term Memory
Capacity

Back 17

Unlimited

Front 18

Long-Term Memory
Duration

Back 18

thought by some to be permanent

Front 19

Long-Term Memory
Encoding

Back 19

the process that controls movement from STM to LTM

Front 20

Long-Term Memory
Retrieval

Back 20

the process that controls movement from LTM to STM

Front 21

Automatic Processing

Back 21

unconscious encoding of information

Front 22

Automatic Processing
Example

Back 22

what did you eat for lunch today?

Front 23

Effort-full Processing

Back 23

requires attention and conscious effort

Front 24

Effort-full Processing
Example

Back 24

memorizing your notes for the upcoming exam.

Front 25

Long-Term Memory

Back 25

Explicit Memory (declarative; memory with conscious recall)
Implicit Memory (non-declarative; memory without conscious recall)

Front 26

Implicit Memory

Back 26

Procedural Memory (motor skills, action)

Front 27

Explicit Memory

Back 27

Episodic Memory (memories you have experienced)
Somatic Memory (general knowledge, facts)

Front 28

Forgetting

Back 28

inability to retrieve previously available information

Front 29

Forgetting
as retrieval failure

Back 29

sometimes information IS encoded into long-term memory, but we cannot retrieve it.

Front 30

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

Back 30

involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in LTM but being unable to retrieve it

Front 31

Forgetting
as encoding failures

Back 31

information was never encoded into long-term memory

Front 32

Forgetting
as encoding failures
Example

Back 32

unable to identify the "real" penny from group of 25 different ones

Front 33

Interference Theories

Back 33

memories interfering with memories; forgetting NOT caused by mere passage of time;

Front 34

Interference Theories
Explanation

Back 34

caused by 1 memory competing with or replacing another memory

Front 35

Interference Theories
Types

Back 35

Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference

Front 36

Retroactive Interference

Back 36

when a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information

Front 37

Retroactive Interference
Example

Back 37

when a new phone number interferes with that ability to remember old phone number

Front 38

Proactive Interference

Back 38

opposite of retroactive interference; when OLD memory interferes with remembering NEW information

Front 39

Proactive Interference
Example

Back 39

memories of where you parked your car in campus the past week interferes with the ability to find your car today

Front 40

Motivated Forgetting

Back 40

Undesired memory is held back from awareness

Front 41

Motivated Forgetting
Suppression

Back 41

conscious forgetting

Front 42

Motivated Forgetting
Repression

Back 42

unconscious forgetting

Front 43

Decay Theory

Back 43

memories fade away or decay gradually if unused; time plays critical role

Front 44

Memory Task
Recall

Back 44

test of long-term memory that involves retrieving memories without cues

Front 45

Memory Task
Recognition

Back 45

test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices

Front 46

Memory Task
Serial Position Effect

Back 46

tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better that items in the middle

Front 47

Memory Task
Primacy Effect

Back 47

tendency to recall the first item in a sequence more readily

Front 48

Memory Task
Recency Effect

Back 48

tendency to recall the last items in a sequences more readily

Front 49

Memory Task
Flashbulb Memories

Back 49

an extremely vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one's first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional event.

Front 50

Encoding Specificity

Back 50

when conditions retrieval are similar to conditions of encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful

Front 51

Encoding Specificity
Explanation

Back 51

you are more likely to remember things if the conditions under which you recall them are similar to the conditions under which you learn them

Front 52

Encoding Specificity
Context Effects

Back 52

environmental cues to recall

Front 53

Encoding Specificity
State Dependent Retrieval

Back 53

physical; internal factors

Front 54

Encoding Specificity
Mood Congruence

Back 54

factors related to mood or emotions