Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
English Empiricism
|
human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience
|
Locke, Hartley, Mill; vs. nativism
|
|
Continental Nativism
|
basic forms of human knowledge and operating characteristics of the mind are inborn, cannot gain posteriori knowledge without prior knowledge
|
Leibniz, Kant; vs. empiricism
|
|
Radical (S-R) behaviorism
|
STIMULUS RESPONSE
- experiments are only valid scientific investigation - all scientific theories must predict and control, bottom-up - avoids reference to mental entities b/c cannot be observed directly |
Watson, Skinner
|
|
Psychophysics
|
study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory experiences
combination of physics and phenomenology |
Fechner
|
|
S-O-R Behaviorism
|
STIMULUS-ORGANISM-RESPONSE
will enter "black box" to predict and control better |
Tolman
|
|
Cartesian Dualism
|
complex behaviors of the body controlled by mechanical means in humans and animals
thought = conscious deliberation and judgment, linked to soul (pineal gland) animals lack a soul |
Descartes
|
|
Ethology
|
biologists concerned with how a species behaves, not just their morphology
mix of "nativist" and "empiricist" view --> distinguish which traits are inborn and which are influenced by the environment |
Lorenz
|
|
Tolman
|
- rewards affect more what animals do than what they learn
- cognitive maps --> mice and mazes - behave as if they have cognitive maps - bottom-up and top-down aspects |
S-O-R Behaviorism
|
|
Lorenz
|
research on imprinting behaviors in ducks and geese
survival-related patterns = wired into nervous system |
Ethology
|
|
Descartes
|
father of modern philosophy
human psychology: study of distinction from other animals animals don't have souls or conscious |
Cartesian Dualism
|
|
Fechner
|
mathematical, precise, experimental science
jnd's - just noticeable differences relationship between physical and phenomenological intensities |
psychophysics
|
|
Skinner
|
Skinner box: presses lever for food, etc.
reinforcer: stimulus change that follows a response, increases subsequent frequency of response operant conditioning |
S-R Radical Behaviorism
|
|
Locke
|
influence of environment
empiricism: human knowledge and thought derive from sensory experience |
Empiricism
|
|
Watson
|
principle founder of behaviorism
mental processes exist but they are too obscure and behavior can be better understood without them |
S-R Radical Behaviorism
|
|
Wundt
|
- founder of psychology as a recognized, scientific discipline
- 1879 opened first university, first psychology textbook - mental processes = sequences of elementary processes - tried to measure speed of mental processes |
|
|
Darwin
|
- top-down psychology
- theory of evolution is the best theory, but not proven - ultimate causes: why an organism is set up to perform some behaviors and not others - humans are just biological creatures |
|
|
Hering
|
look at aspects of phenomenology that trichromatic theory can't explain, four colors seen "pure", must be four color receptors (red, green, blue, yellow)
opponent process theory: blue-yellow and red-green opponent neurons and brightness detectors |
|
|
Helmholtz
|
trichromatic theory: color vision emerges from combined activity of three different types of receptors
visual perception = unconscious inference; brain translates light into objects we can perceive and understand |
|
|
Newton
|
- worked out relationship b/w physics and phenomenology
- work on the science of subject (Galileo - physical reality separate from experience, scientist must separate the two) - on shoulders of giants = Galileo + Kepler |
|
|
Thorndike
|
- operant conditioning: response influences the environment
- puzzle boxes - cats try to escape - law of effect: action with + response is more likely to repeat, action with a - response is less likely to repeat |
|
|
Pavlov
|
- classical conditioning
- stimulus generalization - extinction (habituation) |
|
|
Cognitive Psychology
|
information stored in the mind, how it relates to physics, physiology, phenomenology, and behavior
|
|
|
Cerebellum
|
ability to produce learned, skilled, well-coordinated movements
ability to behave in ways that require rapid, well-timed sequences of muscle movement |
|
|
Limbic System
|
border dividing evolutionarily old and new brain
- amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus |
|
|
amygdala
|
regulation of basic drives and emotions
|
|
|
hippocampus
|
keeping track of spatial location, encoding memory
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
regulates internal environment
autonomic nervous system release of hormones affect drive states |
|
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
outside layer of major portion of brain, 80% total volume
occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal |
|
|
Thalamus
|
relay station, output to specific areas in cerebral cortex, arousal of brain as a whole
|
|
|
Basal Ganglia
|
ability to produce learned, skilled, well-coordinated movements
ability to coordinate slower, deliberate movement |
|
|
Brainstem
|
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
|
|
|
Medulla/Pons
|
organize reflexes that are more complex and sustained
- postural reflexes (balance) - vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate) |
|
|
midbrain
|
species typical movement patterns
|
|