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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What changes in population can we expect over the next several decades, Name and Describe two.
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-Increasing Numbers and Proportion of World Population is elder--- The number 1 trend in the 20 and 21st century is: number of older adults is increasing rapidly
Baby boomers – born between 1946-1964 -Increased prevalence of Older Adult focused services. Ex: Public Transit, Elder Care Facilities, etc. |
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baby boomers are predicted to be ___% of the population by 2030 when the last baby boomers reach 65
The ______ growing segment of this population are the oldest-old (over the age of ___ years) |
20, fastest, 85
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What three reasons were given for the population changes that are occurring now and will continue to occur for the next several decades?
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the baby boomers, lower birth rate, and changes in life expectancy
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what are 3 reasons life expectancy has increased?
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-diet dieversity
-lack of a draft -medical advances |
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Compare and contrast the terms Life Span and Life Expectancy
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life expectancy is Age to which you have a 50/50 probability of living to a certain age, and life span is the actual age one lives to be
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Name and debunk (refute) two common stereotypes about the elderly.
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-a stereotype is a lot live in nursing homes, when only 5% actually do.
-social isolation/poverty.. when they actually have close contact w/ family and better resources than children -no sexuality or interest... they are very sexually active-- STDs are one of the growing problems in nursing homes |
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Explain two of the culturally specific attitudes to aging.
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the western culture views aging as a negative thing, and wants to reverse/prevent/avoid any sign of aging.
the eastern culture views aging as a good thing; as gained wisdom and a positive part of the course of life. |
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What role can education about and contact with the elderly play?
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it can help remove the misconceptions and stereotypes about the elderly; thus helping remove acts of ageism.
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Name three reasons why it is important to study aging.
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-Increasing Numbers and Proportion of World Population
-Increased prevalence of Older Adult focused services. -Health Care Concerns (36% of Expenditures are for People Over 65 Poor Quality Medical and Mental Health Care Reactive rather than Preventative) -Mental Health Concerns (Higher Medical and Mental Health comorbidty Older demographics receive most mental healthcare from primary care physicians) |
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What is meant by the Graying of America? What are two implications of this trend?
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-Dramatic increase in proportion of the population over 65 in the 20th century
(Risen from 4% to 13% and is increasing) -an implication of this trend is This group is predicted to be 20% of the population by 2030 when the last baby boomers reach 65 -another implication is The fastest growing segment of this population are the oldest-old (over the age of 85 years) |
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(essay response) Describe the patterns of growth of elderly populations around the world. (6) China:
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China: Increased longevity has grown the proportion of older adults to 13% of their population, compared with only 16% below age 14. -Their government’s one child policy = a low birth rate.
-Each generation half the size of the preceding. -Two generations of strict population control and modernization of their medical infrastructure. -Leading to similar issues we face in the US. -The current generation must support a much larger older generation, who are approaching Retirement age. |
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(essay response) describe the patterns of growth of elderly populations around the world. (4) LDCs:
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-Most LDCs are aging at a faster rate than developed countries
-Overall world population grew by 750,000 per month in 1998-1999 --81% of that gain (610,000) were in LDCs -LDCs aging more than twice as fast as total world population -Between 2006-2030-expected 140% growth compared to 52% in developed countries. |
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(essay response) describe the patterns of growth of elderly populations around the world. Also, describe factors for why this pattern of growth may exist. (2) Europe + North America:
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-Europe and North America have the highest proportion of elderly and oldest old
-By 2030, 10% of all Europeans older than 74 |
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(essay response) Describe the patterns of growth of elderly populations around the world. Also, describe factors for why this pattern of growth may exist.(1) Asia/Southeast Asia + Latin America:
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Asia/Southeast Asia and Latin America have the fastest growth in elderly
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(essay response) Describe the patterns of growth of elderly populations around the world. Also, describe factors for why this pattern of growth may exist. (3) Africa:
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-Africa (particularly sub-Saharan) remains the youngest and has slowest growth
-Still projected to grow from 16.6 million in 1995 to almost 29 million in 2015. -The current drought in the Horn of Africa is a contributing factor to this problem, with children amongst the hardest hit groups |
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(essay response) Describe the patterns of growth of elderly populations around the world. Which regions are growing the fastest and which are growing the slowest?
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LDCs generally are growing the fastest, and Asia/Southeast Asia Latin America are specifically the fastest.
-Africa has the slowest growth |
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(essay response) Demographics of the above 65 year old population is changing in the United States. Describe the expected ways this population will change.
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-This group is predicted to be 20% of the population by 2030 when the last baby boomers reach 65. the population will be much more ethnically diverse. also, morals, sexual orientation, occupational history, gender identity, cultural background, etc
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What are the existing barriers to obtaining healthcare for an older population?
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Health Care professionals must have explicit knowledge about the differences between older adults of different backgrounds and of age differences.
-Lack of dr. to dr. communication, Distance to dr., Money Language, Stigma of healthcare-mental health care for crazy/weak -Alzheimer's disease, feels that neurologist has given up on her (put life expectancy on her), no immediate family |
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With the existing barriers to obtaining healthcare for the older population, how will these barriers change or evolve with this new expected demographic of older adults?
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Healthcare providers must have explicit knowledge on the diversity of the older population. examples:
Beyond Culture Health Status Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Gender Expression Disability Availability and involvement of Family Members in Care Level of Physical Activity Occupational Status Education background Financial Resources Knowledge of Technology Trust in Mental Health Professionals |
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(essay) Name two common causes of death for the young that is not common in an older population, and name two common causes of death for a older population that is not common in a younger population
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2 common causes for young people: suicide and homicide. 2 for older adults: malignant neoplasms and heart disease
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Name and Describe three of the principles that guide research on aging.
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-Development is a Selectionist Process.
---Consequences of experiences in one’s life can alter the path of development. -Development is a Lifelong Process ---Each Stage of Development does not exist in a vacuum. Old age is affected by Adulthood which was affected by adolescence which was affected by childhood which was affected by infancy and prebirth. -Development research is a multidisciplinary endeavor. ---Compatible Pluralism Physics -> Biology -> Physiology -> Behavior Analysis -> Sociology |
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Name three major issues for gerontologists
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-Biologism – Belief that the structure of an organism or its’ parts fully explain its contextually situated actions.
-Fallacies of Twin Studies Differential Cultural Treatment of Gender Input versus Process – Physical Attractiveness -Biological Correlates ~Phrenology to Morphology ~Cause vs. Result ~PKU – Entirely Biological and Entirely Environmental |
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Name an advantage and disadvantage for the Cross-Sectional research design
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(Multiple groups of different ages included w/ all data collected at same time) cross sectional Advantage: Easiest type of study
Disadvantage: You don’t observe how a subject changes over time -time of study can greatly affect the results |
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name an advantage and disadvantage for the Longitudinal research design
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(Same subjects are tracked over time)
Advantages: -Assess impact of earlier events on later performance -Greater assurance of stability of behavior Disadvantages: -Time and resources -Potential cohort effects -Attrition effects |
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Name and describe three advantages or disadvantages to group design research.
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disadvantage: Ethical Objections
-In clinical research typical ways to test new treatments is to compare them versus wait-list controls. Meaning those participants are not receiving any help. -Practical Issues Difficult to find large samples of specific populations, especially with self-selection biases. -averaging of results / generality of findings (the "average" client) |
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Describe what is meant by observation when it comes to research design. What is a participant observer?
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observation means an observer is obviously watching the participants, which could cause some reactivity. A participant observer would be someone that is observing, with some deception to help remove the participants' reactivity.
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What are two main ethical guidelines for psychological researchers concerning participants?
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-Informed Consent
-Must at all times Protect Participants from Harm. This is our PRIMARY concern. |
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What are two special concerns for working with an elderly population? (regarding research)
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-Privacy - a state of the data
Seclusion – Any attempt to keep the data from becoming public. Non-public – Data is irrelevant to the public at large. -Confidentiality – A process of Data Transfer – Three Dimensions Significance – The data is important to the client. Secrecy – Expressed desire to not have data passed on indiscriminately. Trust – Implication that the psychologist will use the data in the best interest of the client. |
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What is behavioral variability and why is it important?
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Behavior variability is how behavior changes in a changing environmental context. it is important because it is the subject matter of all behavior analysis
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Name and describe two advantages of single case design, as talked about in class.
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-Extremely detailed account of a single client’s experience.
-Provides a wealth of information -can help you gain a lot of insight on a rare condition/situation that doesn't have a lot of information or research yet. |
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Name and describe three broad areas of assessment
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-Self Report (Surveys, Interviews)
-Behavior Assessment (Observation of actual behaviors) -physiological measurement techniques -BASIC-ID |
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What is Reliability? What is Validity?
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Reliability: Every time we use an assessment device on the same object we get the same result.
Each time Timmy is weighed the Scale reads 75 Pounds. Validity: The Assessment device reports data that we intend it to. A scale in fact measures weight. If the scale reported that Timmy was 3 foot 4 inches, we have a problem. |
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how are the two concepts reliability and validity related?
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they both are important for measurment. in order to have a valid instrument, it must be reliable and valid, but it cannot be valid if it isn't reliable.
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What is Utility, and how does this additional concept affect the validity and reliability?
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-Social – Does this assessment not annoy and seem helpful to the client and client’s people?
-Stimulus Aversion Tests Clinical – Does this assessment provide any decision points for us? Functional Analysis for Tics -if the measurement tool lacks social utility, participants may react differently and the reliability may decrease. if the tool lacks clinical utility, it will not matter how valid or reliable the measurement tool is. |
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What is Biologism?
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Belief that the structure of an organism or its’ parts fully explain its contextually situated actions.
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What are the two logical fallacies of research that typically supports biologism?
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-Fallacies of Twin Studies
-Biological Correlates |
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describe the fallacies of twin studies and biological correlates.
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Fallacies of Twin Studies
Differential Cultural Treatment of Gender Input versus Process – Physical Attractiveness -Biological Correlates Phrenology to Morphology Cause vs. Result (blame the result on being the cause) PKU – Entirely Biological and Entirely Environmental (this disease wouldn't exist or have been discovered if artificial sweeteners didn't exist) |
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What is the solution to the Genetics vs. Environment question?
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So what can we study?
Process! Behavior is 100% Genetic, 100% Environment, and 100% interaction of the two. But how can we manipulate the process of expression? -Reframe the question. Is Intellectual Attainment genetic? What is the effect of specific genetic markers on attainment when students are run through different styles of enrichment programs? |
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why is the genetics vs environment question flawed?
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-What percentage is G vs. E is meaningless.
-Only Organisms are capable of behavior. -Genetics without context are a pile of nucleotides, not an organism. -Similarly Environments cannot behave. -Environments must be functional in some way in order to have impact on an organisms behavior |
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Name and describe (drawing is okay) the two classic ways researchers hypothesized the interaction between organism, genetics and environment.
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mechanistic and organismic.
mechanistic: hard determinism. the behavior doesn't affect the environment at all. genetics-->environment--> organism-->behavior organismic: free will. the environment doesn't impact development at all. genetics-->organism-->behavior-->environment |
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describe the Selectionist approach to the interaction of environment genetics and organism. What is the crucial difference between the classical and Selectionist methods?
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selectionist POV: Soft Determinism
Antecedent Behavior Consequence -the idea that the environment is the antecedent and consequent of behavior. genetics set you up for how you may react. not as linear; more recursive. environment-->organism<--genetics-->behavior<-->envornment |
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What is the crucial difference between the classical and Selectionist methods?
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the selectionist method is less linear and more recursive
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What is BASIC-ID? What does it stand for? How would this be a useful tool for a clinician or researcher?
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BASIC-ID describes the Levels of Assessment. It stands for Behavior, Affect, Sensory, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal, Drugs. it would be useful for a clinician or researcher studying Meds or Bio concerns.
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Compare and contrast biological age, chronological age and senescence.
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biological age- physical, chemical, and biological changes that occur in vital organ systems, tissues, and appearance over time. ---biological components can differ in age in same person.
chronological age- the same for all components of body. senescence- the increased level of vulnerability to disease due to an individual's biological aging. higher biological age affects level of senescence for an organ, chronological age will inevitably increase biological age and senescence. |
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What are two major systems involved in stamina?
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-the respiratory system
-the muscular system |
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Name one way aging affects those systems which causes a reduction in stamina.(3)
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(the respiratory system's lowered ability to oxygenate the blood)
-the muscles that operate the lungs weaken with age. -connective tissue that replaces lost muscle will also stiffen with age inhibiting lung capacity. -reduction of number and elasticity of air sacs in the lungs also contrinute to this decline. |
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What are three major changes in physical appearance? Do these affect functioning
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-facial appearane (accumulation of cartilage, skull circumference increases)
-graying of hair (loss of pigment) -hair loss Yes, physical appearance changes can affect functioning. -heaight and weight (can lose functional height due to bone loss) |
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Name and describe three changes that occur in the cardiovascular system
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-blood pressure-- older cohorts may have experienced increases in blood pressure as a function of diet rather than an aging effect.
-the heart-- grows in size as one ages, mostly due to a thickening of the left ventricle. for most, the heart weakens with age. -blood vessels--by age 65 cardiac outbut (movement of blood) has descreased 30-40% |
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What aspects of the nervous system change with age and which do not? How does this affect behavior?
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-neurons and the brain change, while neurotransmitters do not.
-neurons reduce in number and density. the reduction in sensory neurons changes perceptual abilities -the brain decreases in size and weight by about 5% throughout one's lifetime. this impacts sensory and motor functions more so than cognitive functions. |
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Name and describe three ways clogged arteries can alter the aging process
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-increased blood pressure
-the heart works harder and ages faster -less cardiac output (blood movement from heart) -lower oxygen consumption, which decreases stamina and, in turn, overall activity level |
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Name and describe three changes that occur in the digestive system
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-mouth-- loss of bone leads to lost teeth, also degenerative gum disease
-stomach-- stomach lining atrophies which limits absorption of b12 and iron. b12 deficiency can resemble dementia -colon--muscle loss can effect colon's speed of passing food through the colon, leading to increased water absorbtion which can lead to constipation -gallbladder and kidneys |
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Name and describe the protective effects of exercise on three bodily systems.
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-the skeletal system--the risk of bone loss can be reduced.
-muscular system--helps prevent/reverse muscle strength and quality -cardiovascular system--help keep the heart strong and sustain its cardiac output |
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Is aging the same across all people? Name two instances where the aging process is consistent across family members and two instances where aging is more idiographic.
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graying and hair loss is more consistent and aging of the blood vessels and muscles is more idiographic
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Many of the effects of aging are exacerbated by lifestyle. Name and describe three of these areas
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metabolism- unhealthy eating habits can accelerate the decrease in one's metabolism, which will also result in reduced muscle mass, and in turn increased fat mass
-skin changes can be greatly effected by amount of sun exposure, and unhealthy habits such as drinking and smoking. -blood pressure can increase greatly with a lifestyle that consists of a very unhealthy/high fat diet. |
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Compare and contrast the changes in the reproductive systems of women and men as they age (from adulthood to older adulthood, not puberty).
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women: menopause-- cessation of menstruation and changes in hormone levels. begins with decline in reproductive ability around age 40 and continues to around age 55 when period stops.
-estrogen levels drop a lot Men: decrease in sperm numbers over time. small decrease in testosterone levels. prostate problems are common in men, while osteoporosis is common in women |
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There are many reasons why a person would elect to receive one of the various forms of plastic surgery. What are some of the important factors (from our class discussion) for deciding whether plastic surgery is helpful or harmful?
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-if the plastic surgery is purely cosmetic or also for utility
-how much work has been done on the individual -if the person hopes to find happiness solely from the surgery -why the person wants the surgery |
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is body dysmorphic disorder? Who should help a person make healthcare decisions?
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body dysmorphic disorder is a condition that causes individuals to see disformed parts of their physical appearance that do not actually exist.
-relatives, close friends, and guardians should help make healthcare decisions....? |
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Name and describe the theory/ries that claim senescence is entirely genetic and entirely environmental.
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programmed theories - genes are responsible
~biological clock is the leading programmed theory ~evolution ~antagonistic pleiotropy unprogrammed theories - environment is responsible ~wear and tear ~free radicals ~garbage accumulation |
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describe the biological clock theory
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the leading programmed theory that says our genes are considered to be a ticking clock that would stop at any given point.
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what is the hayflick number?
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programmed theory-based that says our cells will devide and reproduce a limited number of times and then die. for humans its about 50. this limit on cell devision seems like a biological clock
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what are telomeres
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at the ends of DNA chromosomes are a series of repeating units called telomeres. they carry no genetic information and are shortened with each succeeding cell division. cell division stops when telomere sequence has been sufficiently shortened
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what is antagonistic pleiotropy?
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this means that genes that increase the probability of good reproductive years decrease the probability of a long life.
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what is the wear and tear theory?
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claims that senescence is a result of using the body too much and of exposing it to damaging situations.
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what is the free radicals theory?
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states that senescence is the result of damage produced by free radicals.
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what is the garbage accumulation theory
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suggest that over time, garbage from the environment accumulates in the cells and tissues and eventually results in senescence
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what is the damage and repair theory?
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Damage to a cells DNA could cause it to reproduce incorrectly or perhaps with mutations.
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How can random errors in DNA replication result in orderly patterns of senescence?
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-cells could receive the wrong instructions from their small portion of the DNA strand and that this results in the production of aberrant cells, incorrect structures, and the wrong chemicals, and finally, senescence. Damage to a cells DNA could cause it to reproduce incorrectly or perhaps with mutations.
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how can random errors in free radical damage result in orderly patterns of senescence?
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free radicals are Atoms or molecules with an odd number of elections. This causes them to be very reactive.
These little monsters then grab the electrons from or contribute an electron to anything nearby. In your body this means destabilizing nucleic acids, lipids that make up cell walls or proteins that govern cell function. |
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Name and describe two theories of programmed senescence
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-biological clock--Cells do not live forever, instead they divide and their offspring replace them.
But this happens only a limited amount of times before the cells die forevers. -Telomeres are thought to be the hands of the biological clock -evolution--based on the notion that natural selection will eliminate those who will pass on faulty genes, before theyre able to reproduce. it is believed also that evolution has genetically helped organisms remain healthier during reproductive years (to increase probability of reproduction). -antagonistic pleiotropy |
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name and describe two theories of Unprogrammed senescence.
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-wear and tear--Literally the body wears out
-entropy--The second law of thermodynamics states that energy dissipates over time. -free radicals -garbage accumulation |
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Is evolution (Selection at the biological level) a programmed or Unprogrammed theory? Why?
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a programmed theory, because it is based on the notion that natural selection will eliminate those who will pass on faulty genes, before theyre able to reproduce. it is believed also that evolution has genetically helped organisms remain healthier during reproductive years (to increase probability of reproduction). therefore its believed that through evolution, those who reproduce young will experience senescence faster than those who put off reproducing.
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Describe the connections/similarities between three theories of senescence
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the theory of evolution can be connected with the hormone, biological clock, and immune system theory. if one believes that humans are programmed to live long enough to produce offspring and that when those yrs are over, they are set to deteriorate and die, then this could impact/connect with the bio clock, hormone, and immune system theory.
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Compare and contrast the three programmed theories of senescence.
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the biological clock, evolution, and hormone theories share the similar stance that senescence is predetermined by a genetic plan and occurs on a relatively fixed schedule. the difference is that the bio clock theory focuses on the cessation of cell division, evolution focuses on humans experiencing senescence after reproduction, and hormone theories focus on the lowered level of hormones that cause senescence.
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Compare and contrast three of the Unprogrammed theories of senescence
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the similarity between the wear and tear, free radical, and garbage accumulation theory is the focus on the environment playing a large role in senescence. the difference is how the wear and tear theory focuses on the body simply wearing out, the free radical theory focuses on the free radicals that harm important bodily chemicals, tissues, cells, and proteins, and the garbage accumulation theory focuses on many components (not just free radicals) that damage cellular processes.
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. Name two areas of society that have been impacted by the baby boom generation. Name two more areas that will be impacted by an aging baby boom generation.
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products and programs to serve the needs of the "boomers" and their families.
-gerentology-related jobs will increase significantly, as will products/services and corporations being more geared towards selling to the massive older population. |
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What role can education about and contact with the elderly play?
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education and contact can improve attitudes towards the elderly.
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Can I use archives in research? What are two advantages and two disadvantages of this method?
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yes. an advantage is it can be easy to retrieve the information, and no new experiments need to be conducted. a disadvantage is that the data may need to be in a different form than the researcher would like them to be and transformation of the data may be needed, or digging for more information (hard work)
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What are two special concerns for working with an elderly population in research?
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they may lack competence and need a caregiver, spouse, or guardian to provide consent for research.
-a lot of work in areas of gerentology carries risk of some harm |
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Do the lives of turtles offer strong support for a biological theory of senescence? Why or why not?
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yes, they do because their hayflick number accurately represents how long they generally live, as the hayflick number does the same for humans.
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