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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two major roots of the psychology family tree? |
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Who was the first person to use experimental methods to measure and understand human behavior? What was the name of his theory? |
Wilhelm Wundt, his theory was known as Structuralism
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Theory of Structuralism |
The study of human behavior by dissecting it and studying individual pieces. |
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Who published the first Psychology textbook? |
Wilhelm Wundt |
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Theory of Functionalism |
Leading member: William James Viewed human behavior as purposeful for means of survival. This theory was influenced by Darwin's theory "survival of the fittest". |
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Behaviorists Movement |
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Cognitive Psycholoists Movement |
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Psychodinamic Theory Movement |
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Humanists Movement |
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Biological Psychology |
Perspective of psychology that takes a biological approach when studying our reactions to environmental stimuli, encompasses the basic concepts of neuroscience. |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
Looks at human behavior with emphasis on how it changes or adapts throughout time. Also looks at changes in behavior in different environments. |
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Clinical Psychology |
Deals with behavior disorders, maladaptive disorders, etc. This perspective is also involved with finding ways or therapies to help people overcome these disorders. |
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Individual Differences (Personality) Perspective |
Study of individual differences and variations in personality. The exploration of abnormal thoughts, emotions, actions, that make an individual unique. |
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Cognitive Psychology |
Focuses on the process of thinking and processing information. These psychologists have a lot to say about storage and retrieval aspects of the human brain. |
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Social Psychology |
Deals with the ways humans interact with each other. Also studies the effects of a social environment or culture on an individual. |
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Developmental Psychology |
Studies the normal changes in behavior that occur throughout our lifespan. They study how memory functions in people of different ages. |
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Descriptive Methods |
Research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations. (Ex: Survey, Case Study) |
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Reciprocity of Biology and Experience |
Refers to an external event eliciting a biological response. |
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Reductionism: |
The act of scaling back or reducing our example or sample when studying the brain, due to its immense complexities. |
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Neuron |
Cell of the nervous system that is specialized for sending and receiving neural messages. |
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Axon |
Branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting information to other neurons. |
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Dendrytes |
Branch from the neural cell body that usually receives input from other neurons. |
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Axon Terminals |
Located at the end of axons, look like little branches off of the axon that have little openings which allow for chemical communication |
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Glial Cells |
Hold neurons in place, and help transport nutrients to neurons as well as remove waste products. |
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Myelin |
The insulating material covering some axons, also helps speed transmission of signals from one neuron to the other (Adult brain has a lot more myelin than a young persons brain) |
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Synaptic Pruning |
The removal of weaker axons allowing the others to be more robust. |
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Acetylcholine |
Neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, as well as organs that use muscles in order to function i.e. the heart |
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Norepinephrine |
Neurotransmitter that upon release in the brain leads to arousal and vigilance. |
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Dopamine |
Neurotransmitter that involves anticipation of rewards, motor control, and controlled cognition. This is the main focus for neuro-marketers |
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Serotonin |
Neurotransmitter that regulates sleep cycles, mood, memory, and learning. |
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Endorphins |
Neurotransmitter that regulates the perception of pain. This is released during physical activity, and modulates the senses of pain and pleasure, as well as feelings of "runner's high", and is released during sexual climax. |
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Central Nervous System |
Consists of the brain and spinal chord, which are so important that both structures are completely encased in bone. |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Divided into two parts:
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Part of the peripheral nervous system that is involved in preservation of homeostasis, releases hormones, and salivation. Further broken down into two parts:
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Somatic Nervous System |
Part of peripheral nervous system that is involved in voluntary movement as well as the processing of sensations. |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Part of the autonomic nervous system associated with coordination of arousal. |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Part of the autonomic nervous system that is associated with rest, repair, and energy storage. |
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Endocrine System |
Releases hormones into your system, regulates digestion, releases insulin, and stimulates the process of physical maturation. |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical Messengers used in neuronal communication. |
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Sensory adaptation |
The tendency for humans to ignore steady, unchanging, normal stimuli, and focus on different irregular stimuli. |
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Bottom-up processing |
The perception of stimuli based upon simple signal input that are then transduced into neural signals. |
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Top-down processing |
Perception of stimuli in which memory and other cognitive processes are required or used to interpret incoming sensory information. |
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Absolute threshold |
The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected. |
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What is the role of the thalamus in processing visual information? |
It makes very rapid judgments about visual stimuli. |
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Trichromacy Theory |
Theory of color vision that is based on the existence of different types of receptors for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. |
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According to Gestalt psychologists, we recognize objects by? |
dividing a scene into figure and ground. |
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What are the four Gestalt principles that explain how we organize incoming sensory information? |
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Somatosensation |
The body senses, including body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain. |
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Olfaction |
The sense of smell |
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Gustation |
The sense of taste |
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Stage 1 Sleep |
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Stage 2 Sleep |
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Stage 3 Sleep |
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Stage 4 Sleep |
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REM Sleep |
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Night Terror |
Person is in stage 4 sleep and has an intense emotional episode, causing him to wake up suddenly. |
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Narcolepsy |
Condition in which a person goes from a wakeful state to a sleep state instantaneously. |
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Cataplexy |
Condition in which an individual is awake, but his/her body goes into the paralysis state that usually accompanies deep sleep. Typically triggered by strong emotion such as laughing, crying, or experiencing terror. |
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Hallucinogens |
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Stimulants |
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Depressants |
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Opiates |
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Hypnosis |
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Meditation |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
Takes the humanist approach to motivation. Consists of things such as safety, love, esteem, self-actualization. |
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Kenrick's Hierarchy of needs |
Takes the evolutionary psychologist approach to motivation. Consists of motivational factors such as mate acquisition, mate retention, and parenting. |
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James Lange Theory of Emotion |
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Cannon Bard Theory |
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Schachter Singer Theory |
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Somatovisceral Afferance Model (Theory of Emotion) |
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Interpersonal Relationships From a Biological Perspective: |
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Interpersonal Relationships From the Perspective of Sensation and Perception: |
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Interpersonal Relationships From a Perspective of Consciousness: |
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Interpersonal Relationships From the Perspective of Emotion: |
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