Psychology- Memory

Front 1

3 Parts of memory

Back 1

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Front 2

2 types of encoding

Back 2

1. Automatic Processing
2. Effortful Processing

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Automatic Processing

Back 3

Processing an enormous amount of information effortlessly.

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3 things we process automatically

Back 4

1. Space
2. Time
3. Frequency

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Effortful Processing

Back 5

Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories

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Key component that enables us to retain information

Back 6

rehearsal

Front 7

2 Memory Effects

Back 7

1. Spacing Effect
2. Serial Position Effect

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Spacing Effect

Back 8

We retain information better when we rehearse it over time.

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Serial Position Effect

Back 9

When your recall is better for the first and last items on a list: primacy and recency

Front 10

3 ways we encode

Back 10

1. Encoding meaning
2. Visual Encoding
3. Organizational Encoding

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Encoding meaning

Back 11

Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.

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Mnemonics

Back 12

Memory aids- imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.

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Organizational encoding

Back 13

break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories

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2 types of organizational encoding

Back 14

1. Chunking
2. Hierarchies

Front 15

3 Stores of Memory

Back 15

1. Sensory Memory
2. Working Memory
3. Long-term Memory

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Working memory

Back 16

A newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

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Capacity of working memory

Back 17

7+/-2

Front 18

Duration of working memory

Back 18

20 seconds

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Capacity of long term memory

Back 19

unlimited

Front 20

What was discovered using the Aplysia?

Back 20

When learning occurs, the slug releases more of the neurotransmitter serotonin at certain synapses. These synapses then become more efficient at transmitting signals.

Front 21

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Back 21

Prolonged enhancement of neural transmission between two neurons (= synaptic enhancement after learning)

Front 22

Heightened emotions and Memory

Back 22

Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories

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2 types of long term memories

Back 23

1. Explicit Memory (declarative)
2. Implicit Memory (nondeclarative)

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Explicit Memory

Back 24

Declarative. Facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

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2 parts of explicit memory

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1. facts- general knowledge
2. Personally experienced events

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Explicit memory takes place..

Back 26

Hippocampus

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Example of Explicit memory

Back 27

What year did Obama become president? 2008

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Implicit memory

Back 28

Nondeclarative. Involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.

Front 29

2 parts of implicit memory

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1. Skills- motor and cognitive
2. Classical and operant conditioning effects

Front 30

Implicit memory takes place…

Back 30

Cerebellum

Front 31

Example of implicit memory

Back 31

we can type without looking at the keyboard but we can't map out the keyboard if asked.

Front 32

Retrieval Cues

Back 32

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory

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Priming

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To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it

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Contextual effect

Back 34

Scuba diver example

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Deju Vu

Back 35

"I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

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State-dependent memory

Back 36

We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our mood. For instance, if we learn something while we are depressed, we will be able to more easily retrieve it at another time we are depressed.

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Forgetting

Back 37

An inability to retrieve information

Front 38

3 reasons for forgetting

Back 38

1. Encoding failure
2. Poor storage (=storage decay)
3. Retrieval Failure

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Encoding failure

Back 39

we cannot remember what we don not encode

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Poor Storage

Back 40

(= storage decay). Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Unused information will fade away.

Front 41

Retrieval failure

Back 41

Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed. Tip of the tongue is a retrieval failure phenomenon.

Front 42

Interference

Back 42

Learning some new information may disrupt retrieval of other information

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2 types of interference

Back 43

1. Proactive
2. Retroactive

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Proactive interference

Back 44

(forward acting) occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later

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Example of proactive interference

Back 45

French learned beforehand, interferes proactively with a Spanish exam

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Retroactive interference

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(backward acting) occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier. Prevented by sleep!

Front 47

Example of retroactive interference

Back 47

Spanish learned afterwards interferes retroactively with a French exam

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Motivated forgetting

Back 48

people unknowing revise their memories

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Repression

Back 49

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

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Memory Construction

Back 50

While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent

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Misinformation effect

Back 51

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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Source Amnesia

Back 52

attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution)

*Psychologist rape suspect

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Memory source

Back 53

A frailest part of our memory- don't remember the context of our remembered details.

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7 ways to improve memory

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1. study repeatedly to boost long term recall
2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material
3. Make material personally meaningful
4. Use mnemonic devices
5. activate retrieval cues- mentally recreate the situation and mood

6. Recall events while they are fresh- before you encounter misinformation
7. minimize interference

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2 ways to minimize interference

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1. test your own knowledge.
2. Rehearse then determine what you do not yet know

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Recall

Back 56

The person must retrieve information using effort.

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Recognition

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The person must identify an item among other choices.

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A multiple choice test requires

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recognition

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A fill in the blank tests requires

Back 59

recall