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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
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learning
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the man who concluded that we learn by association, or that minds naturally connect events that occur in a sequence)
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Aristotle
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learning that certain events occur together; events may be two stimuli or response and its consequence
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associative learning
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process of learning to associations
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conditioning
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learning to associate a response and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by rewards and avoid acts followed by punishment
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operant conditioning
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learning to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events
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classical conditioning
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learning from others experiences and examples
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observational learning, "modeling"
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view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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behaviorism
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unlearned, naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus such as salivation
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unconditioned response
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stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
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unconditioned stimulus
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relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
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learning
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the man who concluded that we learn by association, or that minds naturally connect events that occur in a sequence)
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Aristotle
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learning that certain events occur together; events may be two stimuli or response and its consequence
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associative learning
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process of learning to associations
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conditioning
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learning to associate a response and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by rewards and avoid acts followed by punishment
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operant conditioning
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus (skinner's term for behacior learned through classical conditioning)
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respondant behavior
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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operant behavior
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences beomce more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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law of effect
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chamber containing a barrier key that an animal can maniupulate to obtain a food/water reinforcer, with attached devices to record animals rate of bar pressing; used in operant conditioning research
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operant chamber
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operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide bavhior toward closer and closer approximations of desired goal
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shaping
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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reinforcer
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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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primary reinforcer
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stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
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conditioned reinforcer
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reinforcing desired response every time it occurs
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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partial reinforcement
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operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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fixed-ratio schedule
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ratio schedule in operant conditioning that reinforces a response after unpredictable number of responses
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variable-ratio schedule
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an event that decreases behavior that it follows
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punishment
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in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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variable-interval schedule
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mental representation of the layout of ones environment
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cognitive map
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process of observing ad imitating a specific behavior
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modeling
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transmitted cultural elements
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memes
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior (the opposite of antisocial behavior)
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prosocial
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effect of promising a reward for doing what one alrady likes to do; person may see reward as motivation for performing task
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overjustification effect
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steps of taking control of behavior
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1. state goal
2. monitor how often you engage in behavior you wish to promote 3. reinforce desired behavior 4. reduce the incentives |
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systematic way of changing the way people act
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behavior modification
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those who use this at disordered behavior through this lense see emotional problems as a kind of illness, to be treated with medicine
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medical model
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people who look at disordered behavior through this lense believe it is caused by underlying problems and conflicts of which we're unaware
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psychodynamic model
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those who look at disordered behavior through this lense believe that behavior is the problem, and that it is learned
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behavioral model
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any behavior that is rewarded more than it is punished will be maintained
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principle effect
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actions with unpleasant results tend to disappear
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principle of extinction
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deciding on the specific behavior you wnat to change
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pinpointing
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noting how often, where, and when the behavior occurs; what happens just after and what happens just before
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record keeping
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setting goals and deciding how to reach them
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making an action plan
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technique used by psychologists in an attemps to get over fears
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desensitization
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list of low to high anxiety situations involving a fear
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anxiety hierarchy
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a technique used to punish a person for negative behavior
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aversion therapy
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