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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical Conditioning is important because it can provide the basis for
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Emotional Responses
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Little Albert was concluded to be afraid of a white rat, but then he also responded with a fear when shown a ball of cotton. The fear of cotton was due to ________________.
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Generalization
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Playing a slot machine can be thought of as______________________.
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An operantly conditioned response
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Marcy is playing a slot machine. She is on a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
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Variable Ratio
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The type of schedule of reinforcement that will lead to the greatest resistance to extinction is the ______________________ schedule.
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Variable
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It can be argued that operant conditioning is actually an instance of _________________________.
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Problem-solving and cooperation
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Experiences that lead to learning lead to ____________________.
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The growth of more dendrites on neurons in the brain.
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Learning results in the firing of only certain postsynaptic neurons. That selectiving if fire is due to________________.
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long-term potentiation
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In your short-term memory, you can usually hold _____________ items, give or take one or two.
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Seven
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An individual who suffers from retrograde amnesia will lose his or her __________________ memories.
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Declarative
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Sean studies for an exam in the room in which he will take the exam whereas Donna studies for the exam in a different room. The exam is part essay and part multiple choice. All other things being equal, Sean will _______________________
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Will do better than Donna on the essay part of the exam but the same on the multiple choice part.
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Forgetting is usually due to
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Interference
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Individuals who as children were exposed to traumatic events (concentration camps, brutilization of parents) __________________.
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Have persistent memories of the events
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In the brain, declarative memories are processed in the ____________________ on their way to long-term storage.
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Hippocampus
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An adult who cannot put new experiences into memory is suffering from _______________.
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anterograde amnesia
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Infantile amnesia appears to be due to
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Incomplete development of the hippocampus
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The process by which we supposedly eliminate anxiety provoking memories from consciousness and store them in the unconscious is called _____________.
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repression
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The area of the brain that plays a role in the processing of information for storage in the long-term memory is the ___________________.
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amygdala
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The smallest unit of sound in a language is ________________.
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Phoneme
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Sheila has difficulty making up and understanding sentences that have complex structures. It is likely that she has a problem in her __________.
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Broca's Area
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When you read the sentence, "The apple was eaten by the boy" you know the boy ate the apple because of your ability with _______________.
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Syntax
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Chimpanzees show better development of _________________ than _______________.
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Vocabulary, syntax
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____________ suggested that we have a language acquisition device that enables us to develop syntax
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Chomsky
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Genie, the modern "wild child", developed ______________________ but not _____________.
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Vocabulary, Syntax
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An individual who is unable to translate sounds into words probably has a problem with _________________.
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Wernicke's Area
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Chimpanzees are limited in their development of ___________ because they have a limited development of the _____________________.
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Syntax, frontal lobes
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Evidence for the possibility that intelligence consists of seperate abilities comes from findings that _______________.
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different abilities are located in different areas of the brain.
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It now appears that intelligence consists of ______________.
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A combination of a set of specific abilities and a general ability.
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Speed of neural processing is thought to be a measure of
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general intelligence.
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Crystalized intelligence is _____________.
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knowledge or information that is accumulated through education or experience.
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If you were asked to indicate what symbol comes next in the series, 1,4,2,3,3,2, your answer would depend on
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a combination of crystalized and fluid intelligence.
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______________ intelligence genereally increases over time, whereas _____________________ intelligence usually peaks in early adulthood and then begins to decline.
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crystalized, fluid
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The decline in intelligence referred to in the preceding question is due to
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deterioration of the brain
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Downs syndrome is due to
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an extra chromosome
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Which of the following is NOT necessary for a diagnosis of mental retardation?
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Known cause of the problem
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Individuals who are labeled as "gifted" have IQ's of ____________ and higher.
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130
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Overall brain size is ______________ correlated with intelligence.
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Positively
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When solving problems, the brains of more intelligent people use ____________ than the brains of less intelligent people.
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Less glucose
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When it comes to intelligence in adults, genetics _____________.
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play a greater role than the environment than in the case for children.
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When children from disadvantaged homes were adopted into homes with more advantages, the children showed ____________________.
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Substantial increase in IQ that appeared to be permanent.
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Destruction of brain tissue and the consequent reduction of intelligence of a child because of the mother's drinking of alcohol during the prenatal period:
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Can occur even if the mother drinks only a very small amount of alcohol.
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Right now most of you have more ___________ intelligence but less ________________ intelligence than professor holmes.
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Fluid; crystalized
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________ is not a cause of obesity.
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Emotional Problems
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the drug Viagra is used to treat
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Arousal Disorder
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Problems with ___________________ are related to insufficient feedback about being full and thereby to obesity.
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Leptin
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Which of the following is NOT a sexual disorder?
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Homosexuality Disorder
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The gender identity disorder
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Is not treatable
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The gender identity disorder can be explained best in terms of ____________.
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hormone exposure during pre-natal development.
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Which of the following has not been linked to Homosexuality
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Child-rearing practices
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After an accident in which a rod was driven through his brain, Phineas Gage became impulsive, erratic, and impatient. The area of his brain that was damaged in the accident was the
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Pre-frontal Cortex
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Individuals in preliterate ("stone age") cultures in New Guinea experience _______________ individuals in more literate cultures such as those in North America.
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The same emotions as
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When compared to normall sighted individuals, individuals who were born blind and who therefore could not see the expressions of others showed
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Normal expressions of all emotions
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In an experiment men exercised for either two minutes or 15 seconds, and then all of the men rated the attractiveness of a woman. When compared to the rating made by men who exercised for 15 seconds, the men who exercised for two minutes rated the woman as _____________________.
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more attractive only if she was actually attractive.
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Watching a gruesome movie can ______________________ feelings of romantic attraction to an attractive woman and can ___________________ feelings of romantic attention to an unattractive woman.
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increase, decrease
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Some psychologists have suggested that passion is due to
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classical conditioning
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You are angry with the professor in whose class you earned a low grade, so you go home and kick the door. That is an example of _____________.
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displacement.
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Which of the following is not a level of consciousness as described by Freud?
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Semiconscious
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The proper order of Freud's stages of psychosexual development is
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
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The Oedipus complex develops in the _____________ stage.
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Phallic
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The _____________ seems to say, "I want what I want when I want it"
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id
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Learning theorists would argue that emotions are due to
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Operant Conditioning
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For Freud, the moral arm of society was represented in the
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Superego
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It now appears that about _________ of the variability in personality is due to genetic factors
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50%
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Carl Jung believed that personality was in large part the result of
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Interpersonal Conflicts
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Human female fetuses who were exposed to high levels of androgens later showed behaviors that were characteristic of
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Tomboys
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Freud reported that Anna O. lived normally after her treatment, and we now know that
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Frued was lying about her improvement
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When explaining the behavior of other people, you are most likely to use
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their personalities
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When explaining the behavior of others, we are most likely to make the fundamental attribution error because
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we focus attention on the person
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You dislike Bill. He does very well on an exam, and you attribute his good performance to
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situational factor's (an easy exam)
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Which of the following is NOT generally related to greater attraction to another person
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Complementarity
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Sue is very attractive and Jane is somewhat unattractive. Jane's rating of attractiveness will be higher when she
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Is with Sue
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Which of the following pairs of people will be most attracted to one another.
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person A is depressed and person B is depressed
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"It really hurts me to watch that person struggle with her problem. I think I'll go and help her." That statement best reflects which explanation for helping?
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Negative relief
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After having their mood improved by unexpectedly finding some money, individuals were more likely to
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Help a person who needed help
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The bystander effect in helping indicates that you are more likely to be helped:
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If there are relatively few people around
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In the famous experiment by Miligram on "obedience" about ___________ of the individuals went all the way to the point of apparently killing the other person.
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65%
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Physiology
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is the final common pathway for psychiatric disorders
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Lisa avoids others because she has a fear of being criticized by them. Lisa is suffering from
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A social phobia
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Drugs that reduce physiological arousal can be effective for
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suppressing phobias
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High levels of neurological activity in the area of the brain that is responsible for the emotional arousal can be used to explain
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generalized anxiety disorder
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The drugs that are effective for treating panic attacks are those that
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Increase levels of serotonin at the synapses
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In children, the obsessive-compulsive disorder is often due to
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strep-infections
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The drugs that are effective for treating the obsessive compulsive disorder are those that
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Increase serotonin levels
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Which of the following individuals is most likely to suffer from depression? An individual who
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Has had a stroke in the left prefrontal cortex
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A new treatment for depression involves
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magnetic stimulation of the brain
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Which of the following is NOT an explanation for somatoform disorders.
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Suppressed hostility.
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Even when stress causes depression, the final cause in the brain is
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low levels of neurotransmitters in the cortex.
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The disorder that was once called the manic-depressive disorder is now called the
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bipolar disorder
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The disorder that was once called the manic-depressive disorder is now called the
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Bipolar disorder
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Suicides that are disguised as accidents are called
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Covert Suicides
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Bizarre beliefs that are help despite strong evidence to the contrary are called
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delusions
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The disturbed thought process seen in individuals who suffer from schizophrenia are due to
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distraction
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_________ is a positive symptom of schizophrenia
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Hallucinations
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Individuals with positive symptoms of schizophrenia usually show __________ development of symptoms and a ___________________ prognosis.
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rapd, good
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The high levels of neurological activity that are found in some individuals with schizophrenia are caused by
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high levels of dopamine in tracts leaving the brain stem and limbic system
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The antidepression drugs known as MAOI's work because they
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stimulate the production of more serotonin
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Stimulants can reduce depression because they
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stimulate the production of neurotransmitters
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THe bipolar disorder is thought to be due to
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unstable levels of neurological activity
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The evidence now indicated that for treating the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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drugs are more effective then psychological treatments.
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Tardive Dyskinesia is
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a side effect of neuroleptics
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Which of the following treatments would be LEAST likely to be effective for reducing hallucinations, delusions, and thought disturbances in persons with schizophrenia.
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A token economy
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The TAT and the Rorschach are ____________ tests
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projective
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Data from which of the following will enable a psychologist to make the most accurate description of an individual's new personality?
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an interview plus an MMPI
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On the Rorschach, the use of color supposedly reflects _____________ in the individual.
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Emotion
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An individual with a high F- score on the Rorschach would be thought to be
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in poor tough with reality.
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The attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is due to
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low levels of arousal in the part of the brain that controls attention and motor behavior
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The attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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can be carried forward into adulthood
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The drug Naltraxone is effective for treating
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substance abuse disorders
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In most cases, the antisocial personality disorder
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burns out at about age 40
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A problem with case studies is that
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we cannot draw conclusions concerning cause and effect from them
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Correlations are an improvement over case studies because form correlations we can determine
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the reliability of a relationship
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A correlation coefficient can be used to determine whether
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there is a relationship between two variables
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Among children, age and height are
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positively correlated
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Which of the following correlations indicates the strongest relationship between two variables
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-.74
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In experiments, participants are randomly assigned to conditions to avoid
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differences between the groups that are not due to the independent variable.
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A good way to study the effects of genetic factors on aggression would be to
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compare the levels of aggression in adopted children to the levels of aggrfession in their bilogical and their nonbiological parents.
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The ________________ effect is the result of expectations.
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Placebo
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The double-blind procedure is used to avoid the problems of expectations of
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participants and experimenters
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The spinal cord is part of the
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central nervous system
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Increases in arousal are stimulated by ___________ branch of the nervous system, whereas decreases in arousal are stimulated by the _____________ branch of the nervous system.
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Sympathetic, parasympathetic
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Voodoo is death due to an over-reaction of the _______________ branch of the nervous system.
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Parasympathetic
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The area of the brain stem that is primarily responsible for generating neurological activity is the
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reticular activating system
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The ____________ carries stimulation up from the brain stem to higher areas of the brain
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reticular activating system
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The part of the brain that is primarily responsible for the coordination of motor movements is the
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cerebellum
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Homeostasis is controlled primarily by the
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limbic system
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Marci is suffering from anorexia. It is likely that she has a problem in her
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hypothalamus
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The primary role of the _______________ is the processing of memories for stroage.
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Hippocampus
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The structure in the brain that is primarily responsible for rage and aggression is the
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amygdala
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The amygdala plays a secondary role in
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processing memories for storage
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Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system
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Pons
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The thalamus is repsonsible for
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interpreting incoming sensory stimuli
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The top portion of your brain where higher mental processes occur is known as the
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cerebrum
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The cortex consists of
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the thin layer of cells that cover the hemispheres
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the lobes that are located directly behind the temporal lobes are the ______________ lobes
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parietal
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The auditory sensory of your brain are located in your __________________ lobes
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temporal
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Which of the following body parts takes up most space in your somatosensory area
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finger
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In most people, language abilities are found in the
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left hemishpere
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The cells in the nervous system are called
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neurons
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The nerve impulse is carried out from the body of the neuron to the next neuron by the
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axon
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Local anesthetics, such as novocain, stop the action potential by
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clogging the sodium/potassium channgels
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Transmission of the nerve impulse down the axon is a(n) ______________ process, and transmission of the nerve impulse across the synaptic gap is usually a(n) _______________ process.
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electrical, chemical
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What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
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corpus callosum
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Circadian Rhythm refers to
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the daily cycle of sleep and wakefulness
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For most people, the circadian rhythm
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is longer than 24 hrs
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REM
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is correlated with dreaming
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In most cases, sleep occurs when
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the reticular formation stops carrying electrical activity to higher areas of the brain
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REM is caused by
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stimulation by the PGO system
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Freud suggested that dreams
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Occur when otherwise unconscious material slips out during sleep
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A more modern explanation for dreams is that they are due to
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random stimulation of cell assemblies
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Which of the following disorders would most likely be treated with an hypnotic
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insomnia
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it was the early work of _______ that lead to what we call hypnosis
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Mesmer
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