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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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What are the 4 goals of psychology?
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1. Describe
2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Control (influence) |
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What are the 4 descriptive research methods?
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1. naturalistic observation
2. laboratory observation 3. case study 4. survey research |
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What is a naturalistic observation?
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observation an record of behavior in it's natural form
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What is a laboratory observation?
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observation and record of behavior in a lab (more controlled)
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What is a case study?
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a depth study with one or a few participants to provide a description of behavior or disorder
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What is a survey research?
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interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information
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What is the experimental method?
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direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause and effect between factors
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What is the independent variable?
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controlled by the experimentor
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What is the dependent variable?
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the other is observed and measured
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What is the correlation method?
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to establish the relationship between two characteristics, events or behaviors
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What is the main ethic of psychology research?
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written consent
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What are the sensory neurons?
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input from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord
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What are the motor neurons?
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output from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle and glands
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What are the interneurons?
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carry information between and to other neurons; only found in the brain and spinal cord; also most numerous
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What are the neurotransmitor?
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chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell accross a synapse
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What is the Acetylcholine neurotransmittor?
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very IMPORTANT; keeps heart from beating too fast; involved in learning and memory
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What is the Dopamine neurotransmittor?
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invovled in movement, attention and learning; imbalance or loss results in schizophrenia or Parkinson's
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What is the Serotonin neurotransmittor?
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plays role in appetite, sleep, regulating mood, aggression, and impulsivity
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What is the GABA neurotransmittor?
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the main inhibitory neurotransmittor; Huntington's disease
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What is the Glutamate neurotransmittor?
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the main excitatory neurotransmittor
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What is the Norepinephrine neurotransmittor?
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plays role in alterness, sleep, eating, arousal, flight or fight response
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What is the brain stem?
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very IMPORTANT; internal physiological state of the body
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What is the cerebellum?
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coordinates movements, balance, and posture
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What is the hypothalamus?
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regulates eating, drinking, sexual arousal, and body temperature
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What it the limbic system?
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regulates motives, drives feelings
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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makes up 2/3 of brain; highly developed; plays role in thinking, perceiving, producing, and understanding language
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What and where is the primary motor cortex?
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found in frontal lobe; plays role in speech production
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What and where is the the auditory cortex?
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found in the temporal lobe; plays role in understanding meaningful speech
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What and where is the somatosensory cortex?
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found in the parietal lobe; plays role in processing sensory information
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
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planning, decision making, motor movements, personality regulation, and seeking goals
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What is the function of the parietal lobe?
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process sensory information (touch, pain, locations of limbs, and temperature)
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What is the function of the temporal lobe?
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primary job is to make sense of what you hear
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What is the function of the occipital lobe?
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process visiual information
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What is an EEG?
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records brain wave activity
Beta (mental and physical) Alpha (deep relaxation) Delta (deep sleep) |
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What is a CT scan?
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cross sectional images (using radiation)
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What is a MRI scan?
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high-resolution images (non radiation)
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What is a PET scan?
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maps blood flow, oxygen, glucose consuption
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What is the CNS (central nervous system)?
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consists of brain and spinal cord
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What is the spinal cord?
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connects brain and PNS
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What is the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?
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carries messages to and from CNS
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PNS subdivisions
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somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system |
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What is the SNS?
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controls voluntary muscle and transmits sensory info to CNS
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What is the ANS?
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controls involuntary movements
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What are the ANS subdivisions?
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sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system |
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What is the Sympathetic NS?
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arouses body for action
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What is the Parasympathetic NS?
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calms body to conserve and maintain energy
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What is the Endorcrine system?
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system of glands which secretes a type of hormone(s) directly into the bloodstream
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What is learning?
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a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
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What was Pavlov's experiment?
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the dog salivating on the sound of the bell
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What is the unconditional response (UCR)?
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a response that is evoked by unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
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What is the unconditional stimulus (UCS)?
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a stimulus that evokes a specific unconditional response without prior learning
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What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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a neutral stimulus (at first) that after repeated pairing with an unconditional stimulus, becomes associated with it and evokes a conditional response
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What is the conditional response (CR)?
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the learning response that comes to be evoked by a conditional stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
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What is generalization for classical conditioning?
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making a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
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What is generalization for operant conditioning?
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making the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was orginially reinforced
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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reappearance of an extinguished response (in a weaker form) after exposure to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period
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What is operant conditioning?
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learning via reinforcement and/or punishment
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What is negative reinforcement?
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removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the occurrence of a behavior
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What is positive reinforcement?
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presentation of a stimulus that increase the occurrence of behavior
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What is punishment?
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stop or decrease the occurrence of a behavior
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What is observational learning?
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learning by observing others
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What is memory?
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the ability to retain information overtime using Encoding, Storing, and Retrieving
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What is encoding?
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making mental representation of information so we can place it into your memories
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What is storing?
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placing encoded information into relatively permanent storage for later (process of maintaining the information in memory)
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What is retrieving?
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recalling information that has been stored in a short-term or long-term storage (bringing the information to mind)
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What is the function of sensory memory?
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holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
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What is the capacity of sensory memory?
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large (it can hold many items at once)
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What is the duration of sensory memory?
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very brief retention of images
3 seconds for visual info 2 seconds for auditory info |
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What is the function of short-term memory?
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conscious processing of information (where information is actively worked on)
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What is the capacity of short-term memory?
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limited (it holds 7 to 9 times)
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What is the duration of short-term memory?
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brief storage (about 30 seconds)
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What is the function of long-term memory?
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organizes and stores information (more passive form of storage than working memory)
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What is the capacity of long-term memory?
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unlimited
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What is the duration of long-term memory?
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thought by some to be permanent
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What are the subdivisions of LTM?
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Explicit Memory (declarative; memory with conscious recall)
Implicit Memory (non-declarative; memory without conscious recall) |
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What is implicit memory?
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procedural memory (motor skills, action)
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What is explicit memory?
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episodic memory (memories you have experienced)
somatic memory (general knowledge, facts) |
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What part of the brain is associated with memory?
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the hippocampus
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What is recall?
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test of LTM taht involves retrieving memories without cues
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What is recognition?
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test of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices
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What is serial position effect?
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tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better that items in the middle
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What is primacy effect?
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tendency to recall the first item in a sequence more readily
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What is recency effect?
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tendency to recall the last item in a sequence more readily
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What is forgetting?
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inability to retrieve previously available information
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What is encoding failure?
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information was never encoded into LTM
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What is decay theory?
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memories fade away or decay gradually if unused; time plays critical role
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What is the interference theory?
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memories interfering with memories; forgetting NOT caused by mere passage of time
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What is retroactive interference?
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when a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information
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What is proactive intereference?
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when OLD memory interferes with remembering NEW information
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What is developmental psychology?
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the study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the lifespan
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What are the stage of prenatal development?
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germinal stage
embryonic stage fetal stage |
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What occurs during the germinal stage?
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first 14 days, conception and implantation occurs
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What occurs during the embryonic stage?
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3rd to 8th week, human body begins to form, all organs are present except the sex organs
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What occurs during fetal stage?
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9th week to birth; development of all organs occurs
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What are teratogens?
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any agent that causes a structural abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy
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What stage do teratogens affect?
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embryonic stage
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What is attachment?
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close bond that develops between the infant and the parent or caregiver
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What is secure attachment?
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babies are willing to explore, but find their parents as a safe "home base"
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What is insecure attachement?
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babies refuse to explore or babies explore and dont care where their parents are
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What is reactive attachment disorder?
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occurs when the child has not formed an attachment by the age 2
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What are the stages of cognitive development from Piaget's theory?
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sensorimotor (birth to 2)
preoperational (2 to 7) concrete operations (7 to 11) formal operations (12 to adulthood) |
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What occurs during the Sensorimotor Stage?
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learing through senses
object permance develops |
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What occurs during the Preoperational Stage?
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symbols to solve problems
irreversibility conservation task egocentrism |
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What occurs during the Concrete Operations Stage?
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perform logical mental operations
master conservation task classification of objects |
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What occurs during the Formal Operations Stage?
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think about and solve abstract and hypothetical problems
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Describe the Authoritarian parenting style?
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High levels of demand and control
Low levels of warmth and communication |
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Describe the Permissive parenting style?
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High levels of warmth and communication
Low levels of demand and control |
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Describe the Authorative parenting style?
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High communications / warmth and demand / control
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Describe the Negligent parenting style?
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Low communications / warmth and demand / control
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Define sex role.
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set of behavioral norms of males and females
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Define gender schema theory.
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exlpains how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to others
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Trust vs Mistrust?
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birth to 1 year. they will learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree and regularity of care, love, and affection provided by parents and caregivers
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Identity vs Role Confusion?
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adolescences. they must make the transition from childhood to adulthood, establish an identity, develop of sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity.
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Intimacy vs Isolation?
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20 years to 40 years. must develop intimacy, the ability to share with, care for, and commit themselves to another person.
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Ego integrity vs despair?
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late adulthood. they will review their lives, and if they are satisfied and feel a sense of accomplishment, ego integrity will develop.
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What is adolescences?
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a transition period from childhood to adulthood
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What is puberty?
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a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and physiological changes occur, reaching sexual maturity
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning for preconventional stage?
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self interest. decisions based on fear and punishment; decisions are based on the idea that they will get something in return
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning for conventional stage?
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social approval. decisions based on conforming to the standards of those we value; decisions based on conforming to the laws of society
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning for postconventional stage?
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abstract ideas. upholding the human rights of all individuals; striking a balance between human rights and the laws of society
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What is stress?
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psychological and physiological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment
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What is the SRSS?
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a tool that can measure major life events (social readustment rating scale)
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What are hassles?
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daily hassels typically cause more stress than major life changes
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What are uplifts?
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postive experience in life; they neutralize the effects of many of the hassles
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What is the approach-approach, when making choices?
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choosing between 2 positive situations
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What is the avoidance-avoidance, when making choices?
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choosing between 2 undesirable options
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What is the approach-avoidance, when making choices?
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single situation that has both desirable and undesirable options
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What is PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)?
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follows events that produce intense horror or helpless (traumatic episodes)
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What are the 3 stages for the general adapttion syndrome?
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alarm
resistance exhaustion |
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What is coping?
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efforts through action and through deal with demands that perceived as taxing or overwhelming
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What is problem-focused coping?
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direct response aimed at reducing, modifying or eliminating a source of stress
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What is emotion-focused coping?
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response involving reapprasing of a stressor to reduce its emotional impact
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What is proactive coping?
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measures taken in advance to prevent or minimize consequences of stress
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What is correlation between the body's immune system and stress?
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negative correlation. stress increases = immune system decreases
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What two bacterial STDs causes infertility in females?
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chlamydia and gonorrhea
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Which STD is known as "the great imitator"?
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syphilis
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What is the Id?
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functions in the irrational and emotional mind. it is present at birth, seeks instant gratification, and is the pleasure principle
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What is the Ego?
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functions with rational mind. develops between 2 to 3 years and is the reality principle
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What is the Superego?
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last to develop, between 4 to 5 years and its the moral part of the mind.
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What is the preconscious?
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thoughts, feelings, and memories that can be accessed and become available at anytime
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What is the conscious?
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thoughts, feelings, and memories present and available.
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What is the unconscious?
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primary motivating force of human behavior that is not accessible freely
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What is denial?
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claiming / beliving that what is ture is actually false
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What is displacement?
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redirecting emotions to a substitute target
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What is projection?
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attributing uncomfortable feelings to others
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What is rationalization?
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creating false but credible justifications
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What is regression?
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going back to acting as a child (usually occurs during a traumatic event)
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What is repression?
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pushing uncomfortable events to the unconscious (most frequently used in defense mechanism)
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What is the external locus of control?
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the belief that the individual's behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances
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What is the internal locus of control?
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belief of the individual's behavior is guided by their own personal decisions and efforts
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What are Maslow's 5 hierarchy of needs?
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physiological needs
safety/security needs love and belonging self-esteem/approval self-actualization |
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What is being measured for Openness to Experience?
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imagination, insight, broad range of interests
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What is being measured for Conscientiousness?
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high level of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors
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What is being measured for Extroversion?
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excitability, sociability, takativeness, asseriveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness
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What is being measured for Agreeableness?
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trust, altruism, kidness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors
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What is being measured for Neuroticism?
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tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness
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What is common for most invetories?
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they utilize paper and pencil personality test
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What is the DSM?
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the diagnositc and statistical manual of mental disorders
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What is the difference between compulsions and obsessions?
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obsession is the thought and compulsion is the action
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