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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Thinking (Cognition)
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the mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information
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Cognitive Psychologist
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studies cognition
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Concepts
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mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people
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Prototypes
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best example of a particular category
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Rationality
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the ability to form and use concepts
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Algorithms
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step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution
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Heuristics
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simple rule-of-thumb strategies
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representativeness heuristic
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to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes
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availability heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
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Overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct
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framing
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the way an issue is posed, can affect decisions and judgements
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insight
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sudden flashes of inspiration-- "aha!"
*animals show |
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belief bias
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the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
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confirmation bias
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obstacle when searching for information that confirms our own ideas or preconceptions about problem solving
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fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
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mental set
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the tendency to repeat solutions that have worked out in the past
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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Sir Francis Galton
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sought to measure individual's mental abilities
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Alfred Binet
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interested in applying Galton's ideas of measuring intellectual abilities
meant to separate slow from intelligent children |
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William Stern
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devised intelligence quotient (IQ) test
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IQ test
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mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
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Factor-Analysis Approach to intelligence
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statistical procedure that identifies clusters in related items on a test used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie on'es total score
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Howard Gardner
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Multiple Intelligences Test
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Emotional Intelligence
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the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
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Stemberg's Practical Intelligence
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-Academic problem-solving skills
-Practical intelligence -Creative intelligence |
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Motivation
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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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instincts
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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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drive reduction theory
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idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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homeostasis
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the physiological aim of drive reduction
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incentives
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positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us
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drive reduction visual
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Need -> Drive -> Drive Reducing Behaviors
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3 Major Motivators
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Hunger
Sex Achievement |
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anorexia nervosa
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a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are out of the ordinary
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bulimia
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an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives
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Alfred Kinsey
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first to describe sexual behavior in the US
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Sexual Response Cycle
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Excitement Phase
Plateau Phase Orgasmic Phase Resolution Phase |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-Actualization
Esteem Love/Belonging Safety Needs Physiological Needs |
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intrinsic motivation
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desire to be effective and to perform a behavior for its own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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seeking external rewards and avoiding punishment
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Emotion
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responses that involve physiological arousal controlled by nervous system, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience including thoughts and feelings
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James-Lange Theory
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physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
physical-> emotion |
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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physiological arousal and the emotional experience occur simultaneousness
physical=emotional |
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Stanely Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
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physiology and our cognitions- perceptions, memories, and interpretations- together create emotion
thoughts + physical= emotions |
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Big 3 Emotions
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Fear
Anger Happiness |
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Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomonon
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When we feel happy we are more willing to help others
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Subjective Well-Being
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self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life.
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Predictors of Happiness
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High self-esteem
optimistic, outgoing, agreeable close relationships work and leisure that engages skills meaningful religious faith sleep well and exercise |
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Non-Predictors of Happiness
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age
gender education levels parenthood physical attractiveness |
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Robert Zajonic
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argues emotional reactions are sometimes quicker than our interpretations of a situation
-we feel some emotions before we think |
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Richard Lazarus
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believes cognitive appraisal of a situation always precedes emotion
cognition -> emotion |
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problem solving
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using reasoning powers for coping with new situations
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