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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Psychology |
The science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms. |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Started the first psychology lab in Germany, the founder of modern psychology and founded introspection and structuralism. |
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Introspection |
The process of looking into yourself and seeing what's there. |
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Structuralism |
It stresses the basic units of experience and the combination of when they occur. It is also considered a study of human consciousness. |
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G. Stanley |
He was a student of Wundt, started America's first research psychology lab at John Hopkins Medical School, launched America's first psychology journal and started the American Psychology Association (APA). |
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Edward Titchener |
He was a student of Wundt and shaped the idea of structuralism further with the idea of sensation and perception, in vision, in hearing and touch. |
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Williams James |
Believed consciousness is a continuous flow, developed functionalism and he was called the Father of Psychology. |
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Functionalism |
The study of how the mind works rather than on the mental process. |
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Gestalt Psychologists |
Founded by Wertheimer,Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Kuffa. They studied how people perceive and experience objects' whole patterns. It was based on the belief that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. |
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Photo Phenomenon |
The illusion of movement by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession |
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Sir Francis Galton |
He wanted to understand how heredity influences a person's abilities, character, and behavior. He raised the issue on whether behavior is determined by heredity or the environment. |
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John B. Watson |
Hw founded the school of behaviorism based in the idea that observable measurable behavior must be studied. He was proposing that the psychologist abandon the study of consciousness all together |
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Behaviorism |
A systematic approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior. |
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B. F. Skinner |
He continued Watson's behavioral approach and was interested in changing behavior through conditioning. He used reinforcement in his experiments. |
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Sigmund Freud |
He founded the school of psychoanalysis based on the belief the behavior was governed by hidden motives and unconscious desires. |
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Psychoanalysis |
This attempted to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders. |
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Carl Rogers |
He believed behavior was governed by individuals' self-concept or self and wanted people to reach their potential for personal growth. |
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Ivan Pavlov |
He conducted the famous salivating dog experiment which psychologist can use to account for behavior as a product of prior experience. |
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Applied Psychology |
The branch of psychology concerned with everyday practical problems that was first needed in ww1 for the mental testing of military recruits . |
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Clinical Psychology |
The branch concerned with the treatment of psychological problems and disorders that was also used for screening military recruits and treating soldiers for PTSD in ww2 |
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Developmental Psychology |
It studies the physical, emotional,cognitive, and social changes that occur through life (starting with the prenatal stage through old age) |
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Clinical/ Counseling Psychology |
Helps people with personal problems. The most popular field. |
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Industrial Psychology |
Addresses a problem of training personnel improving working conditions, reducing working accidents, and changing staff attitudes. |
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Physiological Psychology |
The behavior caused by physical condition in the body. The focus is on the brain cz nervous system, endocrine system and the body's biochemistry. |
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Educational Psychology |
It deals with topics related to teaching children and young adults on topics like intelligence, memory, problem solving and motivation. |
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Forensic Psychologist |
They work in legal courts and correctional system. They assist police by developing personality profiles of criminals in helping to understand problems like abuse. |
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Psychologist |
They must have a PHD degree in psychology and specialize in areas like clinical, social, adolescence, etc. |
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Psychiatrist |
A medical doctor that has completed 3 years of residency training in psychiatry. They can perform surgery, prescribe drugs and the specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behavior |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Observing and recording the behavior of organisms; human or animal, in their natural environment without interfering |
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Directed Observation |
Observing behavior under controlled conditions like a lab |
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Case Study |
An extensive study of a person or group that can be used as a powerful research tool. Most combine long term observations with diaries, tests, and interviews. |
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Survey |
Information that is obtained from a fixed set of questions that consists of interviews, questionnaires or both. |
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Longitudinal Method |
When the same group is studied at regular intervals over a period of years to see if behavior or feelings have changed. |
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Cross Sectional Method |
It looks at different age groups at the same time in order to understand changes that occur during a lifespan |
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Correlation |
The relationship between two or more variables or sets of data |
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Subject |
A organism; human or animal, that participates in an experiment |
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Hypothesis |
An educated guess about how the experiment will turn out |
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Independent Variable |
The condition or behavior that can change in amount or quality |
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Dependent Variable |
It may not change when the independent variable is changed |
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Experimental Group |
The independent variable or treatment is given to that group |
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Control Group |
The group that is given no treatment but necessary for all experiments |
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Theory |
A general principle to explain what has been known. It organizes known facts and predicts new facts |
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Personality |
An individual's characteristic pattern of thought, behavior, and emotion |
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Interview |
A conversation with a purpose that can be flexible or used to draw out sensitive information |
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Halo Effect |
A situation in which a person who has one positive characteristic is assumed to have other positive effects. |
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Reverse Halo Effect |
A person with one negative characteristic that is assumed to have other negative effects |
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Objective Test (Personality Inventory) |
A list of questions about an individual's behavior and feelings that assesses personality traits |
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16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) |
It consists of 374 questions labeling 16 traits that's R. B. Cantrell identified |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) |
The most widely used test consisting of 567 questions on which a person says true,false, or cannot say. It has no right or wrong answers and reveals habits, fears, delusions, sexual attitudes and symptoms of psychological disorders. |
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California Psychological Inventory (CPI) |
It consists of 480 questions that deal with self-acceptance, self-control, responsibility,tolerance, and desire to achieve and get along. Most often used in school |
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Myer-Briggs Test |
Focuses on how a person takes in information, makes decisions, and approaches day to day tasks. It characterizes personality on 4 scales: •extroversion vs. introversion •intuition vs. sensing •feeling vs. thinking •judging vs. perceiving |
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Protective Test |
The test is open-ended exams that invite people to tell stories about pictures, diagrams and objects. Projecting their inner feelings and conflicts by responding to stimuli. |
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Rorschach Inkblot Test |
The best known projective test that was developed by Herman Rorschach. It consists of 10 Inkblots that arouse emotional responses |
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Thematic Apperception (TAT) |
The projective test that was developed by Henry Murray and was she second most widely use. It consisted of 20 cards with one or more human figures in suggestive situations that the person would have to tell a story about |
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Aptitude |
The projective test measures one's special skills like carpentry, medicine, sewing, etc. |
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Achievement Test |
The test measures specific material remembered from the classroom For ex: the act |
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Vocational Interest |
The test helps to predict what occupational area an individual would like |
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Strong Campbell Interest Inventory |
The most widely used vocational test based on people's success in certain fields |
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Intellectual Development |
The development of an individual's mental abilities |
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Jean Piaget |
He wanted to find out the reasons children gave for their responses. He developed the Piaget Theory consisting of 4 age groups |
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Conservation |
The quantities remain the same although their shape may change |
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Object Permanence |
After 8 months of age you develop awareness that objects exist even when they are perceived at not being there |
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Moral Development |
The knowledge of what's right and what's wrong |
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Piaget's 4 stages |
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Karen Horney |
She emphasized the relationship between young children and their parents in shaping personality. She believed that basic anxiety arises when kids feel alone, isolated and helplessness. She also believed if a child is raised in an atmosphere of love and security they will avoid Freud's psychosexual child conflict |
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Erick Erickson |
He developed a theory based on eight stages called psychosocial development, based on life periods in which an individuals' goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs |
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Identity vs. Role Confusion |
It is nicknamed the "who am I?" Stage as a person tried to discover who they are based on peer groups and role models |
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Lawrence Kohlberg's 6 Stage Theory |
He developed a 6 stage theory on Moral Development by presenting children of different ages with different moral dilemmas |
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Conscious |
An awareness of something |
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Unconscious |
It is ideas, thoughts and feelings, which we are normally not aware of. |
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Free Association |
A technique Freud used to study the unconscious where a person says whatever comes to their mind first |
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Id |
The unconscious' primitive urges that are mainly sexual and aggressive that are present at birth. They tell us what we want and desire and is controlled by the pleasure principle |
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Ego |
Consciously controls all the thinking and reasoning and settles disputes between the ID AND SD. Is controlled by the reality principle |
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Superego |
Consciously controls moral thinking and is not present at birth. |
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Libido |
Your sex drive or sexual energy |
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Carl Jung |
He broke away from Freud to form analytical psychology. He believed that people tried to develop their potential, as well as handle instinctual urges. He also creates 2 types of unconscious |
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Archetype |
They reflected a common experience of humanity regarding mothers, father's, nature, war, etc . |
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Personal Unconscious |
It contains in an individual's regressed thoughts, forgotten experiences and developed ideas |
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Collective Unconscious |
It was Jung's most important idea that contains memories that are inherited and are common to all species |
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Extrovert |
An outgoing, active person who directs their energy to other people and things. |
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Introvert |
An observed withdrawn person who is preoccupied with their inner thoughts and ideas |
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Alfred Adler |
He differed from Freud and he stressed the importance of the conscious. He believed the driving force in people's lives is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority and that all humans are motivated by social urges and each person is a social being with a unique personality. He called his theories individual psychology |
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Abraham Maslow |
He explained his theories in terms of motivation and used a hierarchy to move upwards to fulfill needs |
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Stage 1 sleep |
The lightest level of sleep where your pulse slows and muscles relax, your breathing becomes uneven and brain waves irregular. Lasts up to 10 mins |
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Stage 4 sleep |
The deepest level of sleep where it is difficult to awaken the sleeper, you develop large regular Delta waves. |
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Insomnia |
The failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel well rested |
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Sleep apnea |
when a person has trouble breathing during their sleep |
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Narcolepsy |
Characterized by a permanent and overwhelming feeling of sleepiness and fatigue. They have usual sleep and dream patterns and have sleep attacks during the day |
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Nightmare |
An unpleasant dream that occurs during REM sleep |
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Night Terror |
Sleep disruptions that occur during stage 4 sleep. It involves screaming, panic or confusion |
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Sleepwalking |
When a person is partially, but not completely awake during the night |
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Inuit people of North America |
Believed that dreams contained hidden meanings |
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Francis Crick |
Believed dreams are our way for our brain to remove unneeded memories |
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Sensation |
It occurs any time a stimulus activates one if your receptors, simply the process of receiving information from the environment |
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Absolute Threshold |
The weakest amount of stimuli required to produce a sensation |
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Difference Threshold |
The smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected half if the time |
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Perception |
The organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences |
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Gestalt Psychologist |
They believed that the experience it comes from organizing bits and pieces of information into meaningful whole is more than the sum of its parts |
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Closure |
The tendency to close or complete figures |
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Continuity |
When you seek smooth continuous contours rather than discrete disruptive shapes |
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Proximity |
The tendency to group together those elements that are close to each other |
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Similarity |
The grouping of elements that are similar in appearance |
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Simplicity |
When you perceive patterns in the simplest most organized manner |
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Figure ground perception |
The ability to discriminate from its figure and background |
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Subliminal perception |
The ability to notice stimuli that affects only the unconscious mind |
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Name calling |
Using negative labels to discredit someone or something |
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Glittering Generality |
Broad statements that appeal to the emotions |
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Card stacking |
Slanting the facts |
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Plain folks |
Using folksy language |
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Transfer |
Connecting a product with someone or something that is admired |
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Bandwagon |
The act of appealing to people's desires to go along with the crowd. |
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Extrasensory perception |
The ability to gain information by some other means other that the ordinary senses |
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Clairvoyance |
Perceiving objects or information without sensory input |
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Telepathy |
Reading someone's else's mind or transferring one's thought |
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Psychokinesis |
Moving objects through purely mental effort |
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Precognition |
The ability to foretell events |
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Intelligence |
The ability to learn and adapt |
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L. L. Thustone |
He classified intelligence into 7 primary factors |
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Crystalized Intelligence |
Made up of reasoning, verbal and numerical skills stressed in school |
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Fluid intelligence |
Made up of spatial, visual imagery and rote memory |
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Alfred binet |
Developed the first individual test which consisted of 30 tasks to be performed by children and the tasks were arranged in groups from age 3 to adult hood. He assume intelligence increased with age and said a slow learner is one's who's mental age is less than their chronological age |
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Mental age |
An estimate of a person's levels of functioning based on a test |
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Chronological age |
The number of years, months, and days since a person's birth |
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Lewis Terman |
He published the Stanford Binet intelligence test, which consisted of 90 items arranged by years and he introduced the term intelligence quotient |
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Culture Fair Test |
It tests the intelligence of people outside of the culture at which the test was given. |
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Reliability |
Refers to its test consistency and it's ability to yield the same result under similar circumstances |
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Validity |
It tests ability to measure what it is intended to measure |
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Content validity |
It is is the test has an adequate sample of the knowledge it is suppose to measure |
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Criterion related validity |
When the test is measure by a comparison of the test score and independent measures |
