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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Memory? |
The Ability to store and use information and the store of what has been learned and remembered |
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Explicit Memory |
Has to enter conscious awareness |
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Declarative Memory |
Can easily be remembered or declared |
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Procedural Memory |
Is a process to store information |
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Implicit Memory |
Does not have to enter conscious awareness |
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Non-Declarative Memory |
Memory that is difficult to describe and explain |
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Three Stage Model of Memory: |
Sensory, Working (Short-Term) and Long-Term` |
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Rank the 3 memory stores from most to least capacity |
Long-Term, Sensory, Working |
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Rank the 3 memory stores from most to least duration |
Long-Term, Working, Sensory |
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Visual sensory input is encoded in which memory store? |
Iconic Memory |
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Auditory sensory input is encoded in which memory store? |
Echoic Memory |
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What is Short-Term (Working) Memory |
Memory that is required to solve a problem at hand |
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What is Chunking? |
Breaking down a list of items into smaller, meaningful bits |
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The Three Stores of Working Memory |
Visuospatial, Phonological and Episodic. |
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What are the three stores of working memory managed by |
Central Executive |
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Three processes of working memory |
Attenting, Storing, Rehearsing |
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Serial Position Effect |
Explains why we have an easier time remembering items at the beginning and the end of a list but have trouble remembering items in the middle. |
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Primacy Effect |
Items have been stored into Long-Term Memory |
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Recency Effect |
Items are still in working memory |
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Long-Term Memory |
Uses Implicit Memory |
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Procedural Memory: |
Remembering a process (how to do stuff) |
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Priming: |
Memory is improved by relating similar stimulus unconsciously |
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Semantic Memory |
Memory of meanings or facts |
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Episodic |
Remembering faces and events |
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Encoding |
Putting things into long-term memory storage
Effortful and automatic
Things that are meaningful will be processed automatically |
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Retrieval |
Getting encoded information out of long-term memory |
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Levels of Processing: |
The more deeply information is encoded, the better it will be recalled
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Mnemonic Device |
A Memory aid such as a rhyme or an acronym |
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Dual-Coding Theory |
Visualizing words that you would not automatically visualize |
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Storage |
The retention of memory over time
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Associative Network |
A memory or piece of information activates a node for something else |
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Flashbulb Memories |
A vivid memory for an emotional event of great significance (9/11 attacks)
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Interference |
Disruption of a memory due to the presence of competing information |
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Retroactive interference |
New experiences causing the forgetting of previously learned information |
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Proactive Interference |
Old Experiences interfering with the learning of new information |
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Transcience/Decay |
Being unable to remember information due to the fleeting nature of memory |
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Absent-Mindedness |
Forgetting due to inattention |
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Blocking/ Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon |
The inability to retrieve stored information, can be remembered with a memory cue |
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Repression |
Encoded memories are actively inhibited |
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Misattribution |
Confusing the source of a memory |
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Cryptomenesia: |
Someone reads a work of fiction and likes it so much that they unintentionally plagiarize |
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Persistence |
Repeated recall of events |
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Consistency Bias |
Selective recall of past events to fit current beliefs |
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Suggestibility |
Memories implanted based on leading questions and suggestions |
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False Memories |
Claiming to remember something that never happened in the first place |
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Recovered Memory |
A memory from a real event that is not remembered until something else brings it to consciousness |
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Misleading Information |
Altered Memories due to information received after the original experience |
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Visual Inforamtion is stored in the.... |
Occipital Lobe |
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Auditory Information is stored in the... |
Temporal Lobe |
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Gustatory Information is stored in the... |
Frontal/Temporal Lobes |
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Tactile information is stored in the... |
Parietal Lobe |
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Olfactory Information is stored in the... |
Olfactory Lobe |
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Where in the brain deals with working memory? |
Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus |
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What is the role of the amygdala during encoding |
Stores emotional memories (especially fearful ones) |
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What part of the brain is involved in habit learning and motor activities such as shifting attention and cognitive strategies |
Basal Ganglia |
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What part of the brain is involved in fine motor activities and gets bigger as it learns more tasks and patterns |
Cerebellum |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Not being able to remember information that occured after the disease or injury |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Not being able to remember information that occured before the disease or injury |
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Alzheimer's Disease |
Loss of Acetylchline |
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Memory Enhancing Drugs |
Donepenzil, galantamine (target acetylcholine) ginseng, (natural) methylphenidate and amphetamine (stimulants) |
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Memory Inhibiting Drugs |
Alcohol and Marijuana |
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Hebb's Law |
"Neurons that wire together fire together" and "Use it or lose it" when referring to synapses
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Long-Term Potentiation |
Strengthening of synaptic connection when one neuron repeatedly excites another |
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Associative Learning |
Forming connections between different sources of information, triggers an automatic response |
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Ivan Pavlov |
Known for behaviourism and his classical conditioning study with dogs |
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Two fundamental rules to classical conditioning |
Multiple parings of the Unconditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Stimulus are necessary in order to get strong Conditioning
CS and US must be presented close together in time |
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Stimulus Generalization |
Similar stimuli to the CS will still trigger the same CR |
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Classical Conditioning |
Associative Learning in which an unconditioned stimulus used in pairing with a natural response to develop an automatic response |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
Restriction of the Conditioned Response to the Exact Conditioned stimulus to which is was conditioned |
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Extinction |
Removing the pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus to stop the conditioned reponse |
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Operant Conditioning` |
Associating a behaviour with a concequence |
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Positive Reinforcement |
The addition of something desirable to strengthen behaviour |
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Negative Reinforcement |
The removal of something undesirable to strengthen behaviour |
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Positive Punishment |
The addition of something to weaken behaviour |
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Negative Punishment |
The removal of something to weaken behaviour |
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Primary Reinforcers |
Not learned, innate and necessary for survival |
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Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers |
Learned, Associated with a primary reinforcer |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
Consequences follow every response |
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Intermittent (partial) Reinforcerment |
Reinforcement does not follow every response, but still some |
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Fixed Ratio |
The amount of times something happens is fixed, it does not change. Example: Putting money in a vending machine and getting a snack |
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Variable Ratio: |
The amount of times something happens is variable, it changes. Example: Random payouts on a slot machine |
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Fixed Interval: |
The timing in which something is going to happen does not change Example: Having a quiz every 4 weeks |
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Variable Interval |
The timing in which something is going to happen changes Example: The amount of time between when you go to the bathroom |
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Latent Learning |
Learning that is implicit, we don't have to consciously focus on it or know that it's happening without reinforcement |
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Imprinting |
Rapid innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver soon after birth |
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Learned Food Aversions |
If a certain food makes us sick, it is likely we won't want to eat it again. This goes against Pavlov's Fundamental Rules of classical conditioning |
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Inactive Learning |
Learning by doing |
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Observational Learning |
Learning by observing |
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Modelling |
Observing and imitating others' behaviour |
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What do endocannabinoids do in operant conditioning |
Promotes forgetting |
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Mirror Neurons |
Respond when performing an action or when watching someone else do it |