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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agentic Perspective, Three Control System, Three Effects of Model, Sources of Reinforcement in Imitation, 4 Critical Steps to Observational Learning, Social Cognitive Theory |
Bandura |
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Social Cognitive Theory |
Exploring the things that people learn from each other and significant books
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The Product of Social Learning
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knowledge of what is socially acceptable
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Socialization |
— lengthy process of learning social morals, customs, values, habits, and beliefs
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Observational Learning |
Imitation |
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Models |
any representation of a pattern for behaving (pics,books characters, oral or written instructions)
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How can Socially accepted behaviors vary? |
Among Cultures, and For Different Ages and Sexes |
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What is one of the most important tasks of child rearing?
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Socializing youngsters |
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4 Critical Steps to Observational Learning |
1. Attentional Process 2. Retentional Processes 3. Motor Reproduction Processes 4. Motivational Processes |
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Attentional Process (4 Critical Steps to Observational Learning) |
— ~Modelling Stimuli: Distinctiveness, Affective valence, complexity, Prevalence, Functionalvalue.
~Observer Characteristics: sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, Past reinforcement |
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Retentional Process (4 Critical Steps to Observational Learning) |
— Symbolic Coding, — Cognitive organization, —Motor rehearsal |
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Motor Reproduction Process (4 Critical Steps to Observational Learning)
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— Physical capabilities, — Availability of component responses, — Self-observation of reproductions, — Accuracy feedback
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Motivational Processes (4 Critical Steps to Observational Learning) |
— Externalreinforcement, — Vicarious reinforcement, — Self-reinforcementn> |
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Sources of Reinforcement in Imitation |
1. Direct Reinforcement 2. Vicarious Reinforcement |
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Direct Reinforcement (Sources of Reinforcement in Imitation) |
— Reinforceddirectly by the model — Actualconsequence of the imitated behavior |
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Vicarious Reinforcement (Sources of Reinforcement in Imitation)
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— The imitator is not actually reinforced directly
— Simply being imitated may be reinforcing
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Three Effects of Model |
1. The Modeling Effect 2. The Inhibitory/Disinhibitory Effect 3. The Eliciting Effect |
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The Modeling Effect |
the acquisition of novel responses
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he Inhibitory/Disinhibitory Effect |
the suppression of previously learned behavior andthe re-involvement in previously inhibited behavior due to modeling. |
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The Eliciting Effect |
the model’s behavior encourages similar behavior inthe observer |
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Bandura's Three Control System are? |
1. Stimulus Control 2. Outcome Control 3. Symbolic Control |
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What is Stimulus Control? |
— Includesreflexes and behavior learned through behavior being associated withantecedents |
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What is Outcome Control? |
Behaviorsunder the control of their consequences rather than their antecedents |
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What is Symbolic Control? |
Behaviors influenced by “mediation” or internalprocesses |
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What is Agentic Perspective? |
People are agents of their ownactions |
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(Agentic Perspective) Three main features of human agency: ? |
1. Intentionality 2. Forethought 3. Self-Reactiveness and Self-Reflection |
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What are: Personal Efficacy Collective Efficacy |
— Our judgments of self-efficacy are important determiners of what we do and don’t do — Four main sources of influence: enactive, vicarious, precursory, arousal. |
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Four main sources of influence in Collective Efficacy Is? |
1. Enactive 2. Vicarious 3. Precursory 4. Arousal. |
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What are the Motivation Drive Theories? |
Hull's --> Drive Reduction Theory Miller's --> Learned Drives (fear) |
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Hull — Drive reduction theory is ? |
Basedon a few basic drives (hunger, thirst, sex, pain) |
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Miller — Learned drives (fear) are? |
o Drive— Satisfied by new experience (monkey opens window) o Drive— Satisfied by activity (running wheels in animal cage) o Drive— Contact comfort (monkeys surrogate mothers) |
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What are the Arousal theories and law? |
The Yerkes — Dodson Law Hebb’s Arousal Theory
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What is theThe Yerkes — Dodson Law? |
The most effect performance occurs at anintermediate level of arousal
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What is Hebb’s Arousal Theory? |
— Theoptimal level of arousal differs for different tasks — Stimulihave two important functions o TheCue Function o The ArousalFunction — Needfor Stimulation |
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Berlyne and Madsen is associated with what theory? |
Optimal Arousal |
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Optimal Arousal (Berlyne and Madsen) |
— May not be a reduction in the strengthof a drive, but rather, a change toward some desired level
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(Arousal) What do people often seek? |
— People often seek more stimulationinstead of less (Roller coasters, extreme sports, etc) |
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High Stimulation in Arousal is? |
— More difficult to assess — therefore, you must know thedeterminants of present levels and optimal levels
Level of arousal is an increasing function of the intensity, complexity, and noveltyof the situation
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In Arousal Orienting Reflex is? |
The general arousal produced by a stimulus
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Sheffield is associated with what theory? |
Responses of Reinforcers |
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Responses of Reinforcers are? |
Reinforcement depends not upon whathappens to an individual, but what one does — ~Foodis not reinforcing unless one eats it — ~Wateris not reinforcing unless one drinks it — ~ Amaze is not reinforcing unless one explores it |
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In Responses of ReinforcersInstrumental Responses is? |
The responses that lead to rewards and are reinforced by those rewards |
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In Responses of Reinforcers Consummatory Responses is? |
Responses that are directed more specially to certain rewards rather than others |
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Premack's Principle is? |
Of any two responses, the one thatoccurs more often when both are available can reinforce the one that occursless often, but not vice versa — Therefore,any preferred response can serve as reinforce for any other response |
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Child being rewarded to play briefly on the playground for sitting a long period of time in class
However, the same child who gave his last effort in activity outside will be reinforce with quietly sitting and resting for a brief period
This is an example of...? |
Premack's Principle |
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Allison is associated with what theory? |
Behavior Regulation & Bliss Point |
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In Behavioral Regulation Bliss Point is? |
— The time an individual will freelychoose to engage in an activity
— Thehigher the bliss point, the more the person likes or values that activity — It’spossible to maintain bliss points on every possible activity |
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Weiner is associated with what theory? |
Cybernetics |
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Cybernetics is the...? |
Control theory or negative feedbackloops — —Involvesadjustments in a system to keep it at a steady state Reinforcement is a change in acontrolled quantity bringing it closer to its set apart. |
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— Involvesadjustments in a system to keep it at a steady state o Primary example — thermostat § Controlled quantity — temperature § Set point — desired room temperature § Feedback — information about deviations from the set point This is an example of? |
Cybernetics |
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Opponent – Process Theory (Solomon)
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Hedonic Theory — addresses pleasure and displeasure |
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Solomon is associated with what theory? |
Opponent – Process Theory (Solomon)
For every feeling there is an opposite (but not exactly equal) reaction
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— Examples:Dog level of agitation before and after shocks. Humans level of excitementbefore and after skydiving t This is an example of? |
Opponent – Process Theory (Solomon)
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Brain Injury is?
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amnesia — a total or partial impairment of memory |
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Fading Theory is? |
— recalling ideas and abstractions, gist of the story, NOT DETAILS.
— Happens when recalled memory is often distorted
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Repression Theory is? |
People unconsciously forget experiences that are anxiety provoking or traumatic
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Interference Theory is?
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— New learning can interfere with recall of old learning (Retroactive Interference)
— Old learning can interfere with the recall of new learning (Proactive Interference)
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Retrieval – Cue Theory is? |
an inability to recall, that is due to the unavailability of appropriate cues for recall |
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Aids to Learning and Remembering are?
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Rehearsal — to repeat Elaboration — to extend or add to Organization — to arrange according to some system |
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What are the Three Component Model of Memory
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Sensory Memory Short Term (Working) Memory Long Term Memory |
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Sensory Memory is? |
the immediate, unconscious effects of stimulus
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Short Term (Working) Memory is? |
the awareness and recall of items that will no longer be available as soon as the individual stops rehearsing them |
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Long Term Memory is?
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more stable and longer lasting remembrances
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What are the Types of Long Term Memory?
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Explicit (Declarative)
— Two kinds o Semantic o Episodic Implicit (Non-declarative) |
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Explicit (Declarative) in Long Term Memory is? |
— items that can readily be put into words (i.e. people’s names, addresses, telephone numbers)
— Two kinds o Semantic — knowledge ofprinciples, laws and facts o Episodic — specificmemories tied to a place and time |
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Implicit (Non-declarative) in Long Term Memory is?
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— cannot be readily recalled and put into words(i.e. how to ride a bike, hitting a home run, trick in ice skating.)
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David Ausubel is associated with what theory?
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Assimilation Theory
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Assimilation Theory is?
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~mustlearning involves assimilating new experience into one’s existing cognitivestructure — Teachers teaching material in aeasily assimilated way — Advance organizers — provides anoverview of where the new material fits in the leaners whole cognitive structure |
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Robert Gagne is associated with what theory? |
Structure of Learning
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Structure of Learning is the...? |
analyzing complex tasks into hierarchal structure, break into subcomponents
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Martin Seligman is associated with what theory? |
Explanatory Styles
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Explanatory Styles is? |
— concerned with how we interpret our failures and other troubles — Attributed to ourselves (internal) or to others (external) — Attributed broadly (global) or narrowly (specific) — Attributed factors that change (unstable) or to factors that tend to stay the same (stable) — Interpretations of fear/expectations — Pessimistic (internal, global, stable, sicker) — Optimistic (external, specific, unstable, healthier) |
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Robert Gagne made what test? |
Positive Psychology Test |
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What did Donald Meichenbaum develope? |
developed the use of self-instruction as a guide for behavior Childwith ADHD use less |
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Joseph Wolpe is associated with what theory?
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Thought Stopping
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Thought Stopping is?
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Think “Stop that"
— Useful for people who tend toruminate and obsess Teacheshow to relax in the presence of adverse stimulation CBT — Cognitive Psychology |
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Joseph Wolpe — Though Stopping combines what two theories
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Combine Guthrie’s Incompatible Stimulate (the relaxation) and his Thresholds (gradual going up the hierarchy) |
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Donal Meichenbaum combines what two theories? |
CombinesSkinner’s Shaping and Fading with Guthrie’s ideas on Thresholds.Added cognitive issues Talkself through complex task |
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Robert Rescorala is associated with what theory? |
Cognitive Interpretations
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What are Cognitive Interpretations?
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TheCS (Conditioned Stimulus) is a warning signal to the US (UnconditionedStimulus) Contingency Relationship — environment |
