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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stimulus discrimination
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the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stijulus that is similar to the original condition stimuls because the similar stimulius is never paired with an US.
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Stimulus generalization –
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the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
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Primary reinforcer -
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any reinforcer that is noticeably reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch.
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Secondary reinforcer –
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any reinforcer that becames reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.
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Insight learning –
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the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.
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Latent learning –
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learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
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Applied behavior analysis
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modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a deseired behavior or responses.
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Behavior modification
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the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
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Neurofeedback –
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form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to tmodify behavior
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Flashbulb memory –
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type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected even has strong emotional associations for person remembering it
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Curve of forgetting
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a graph showing a distict pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a lot and then _____ off gradually
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Schema –
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mental frameworks for understanding our world. Guide our interactions with others and with other things in the world.
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Regency effect –
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tendency to remember information at the END rather than the beginning
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Primary effect –
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tendency to remember info at the BEGINNING
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Misinformation effect –
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the tendency of misleading information presented after an even to alter the memories of the event itself.
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Serial position effect –
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info at the beginning of a list will be recalled at a higher rate than info in the middle of the list.
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Extinction –
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when a previously conditional response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
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Longitudinal design
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research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.
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Cross sectional design –
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research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time.
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Nature –
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the influence of our inheredited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions
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Temperament –
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the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up
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Attachment –
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the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
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Mary ainnsworth –
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came up with a special experimental design to measure the attachment of an infant to the caregiver called strange situation
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Contact comfort –
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soft blanket and monkeys
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Andropause –
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gradual changes in the sexual hormones & reproductive system of middle –aged males
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Semantic memory
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memory for facts or general information
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Episodic memory –
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memories for events or episodes in your life. Ex: remember birthday parties.
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Recall method -
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Recognition method –
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Relearning method –
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when you relearn info you have already learned, and if relearning takes less time than the original learning, the info has been remembered.
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Retrograde amnesia –
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cant remember before the accident/injury and back (cant remember their names who they are.)
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Anterograde Amnesia –
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cant remember anything new. (50 first dates)
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Chunking –
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remembering by chunking together memories. Ex: - remembering the letters F. B. I. U.S.A.C.I.A. as FBI – USA – and CIA
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Variable ratio
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reinforcer is obtained only after a varying # of responses have been made
- very high rate of responding - learning is rather permanent - ex: slot machines: the lottery |
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Fixed interval –
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reinforcement is given after a specific amount of time has passed
Very few responses are made until the fixed interval of time approaches and then the rate of responding increases rapidly. Ex: pay checks; studying for an exam; writing a paper. |
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Variable interval –
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behavior is reinforced after a varying amount of time has passed.
-steady rate of responding, but not necessarily high rate of responding. Ex: pop quiz; fishing; hitch-hiking. |
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Procedural (Nondeclarative) LTM –
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memories for skills that people know how to do like tying shoes or riding bicycles
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Elaborative Rehearsal –
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A way to remember/transfer a memory from Short term to Long Term memory. i.e. – associating something with the memory.
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Sensory memory –
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-no information is stored here
-about 1-3 seconds -filtering system (determines what important and what is not) -once something has been deemed important you pay attention to it |
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Proactive interference –
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previously stored LTMs interfere with the new LTMs. (old memories block out new memories)
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Retroactive –
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new LTMs interfere with previously stored LTMs (new memories block out the old ones)
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