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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behaviorism was established by whom?
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John B. Watson
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Operant conditioning was developed by whom?
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B. F. Skinner
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Operant conditioning demonstrates...
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demonstrates how voluntary, activebehaviors are acquired through reinforcement, punishment, and shaping.
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Observational learning was studied by whom?
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Albert Bandura
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Observational learning shows what?
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how new behaviors can be acquiredthrough watching the actions of others
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define learningFibGɝ|
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a process that produces arelatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of anindividual’s experiencefont-f۟|
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What is conditioning?
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is the process of learningassociations between environmental events and behavioral responses.leNn|
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Thereare two basic types of conditioning:
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Classical conditioning &Operant conditioning
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explains how certain stimuli can trigger an autonomic response. nstall|
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Classical conditioning
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explains how we acquire new, voluntary actions
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Operant conditioning
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a Russian physiologist who firstdescribed the basic process of conditioning that is now called classical conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov
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Ivan Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for...
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his work on the role of saliva indigestion.
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is a process of learning an association between two stimuli; it involves pairing a neutral stimuluswith an unlearned, natural stimulus that automatically elicits a reflexive response.
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classical conditioning
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The natural stimulus thatreflexively produces a response without prior learning is called the
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unconditionedstimulus (UCS)
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The unlearned, reflexive responsethat is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus is called the
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unconditioned response (UCR)
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is an originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a reflexive response.
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conditioned stimulus
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is the learned, reflexive response to a previouslyneutral stimulus.
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conditioned response
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The timing of stimulus presentations also affects
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the strength of the conditioned responseW9uU;|*
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conditioning is most effective whenthe conditioned stimulus is presented...
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immediately before theunconditioned stimulus. A half-second is the optimal time interval.
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occurs when a particularconditioned response is made to one specific stimulus but not toother, similar stimuli. odD|*
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Stimulus discrimination 153Gg|*
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occurs whenstimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit theconditioned response, even though they have never been paired with theunconditioned stimulus.areast-mM|*
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Stimulus generalization 153Gg|*
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Pavlov found that a conditionedstimulus could itself function as an unconditioned stimulus in a newconditioning trial, called
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higher-order conditioning
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is the gradual weakening andapparent disappearance of the conditioned response.2|*
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extinction*|*
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is the reappearance of a previouslyextinguished conditioned response after a period without exposure to theconditioned stimulus.ll-co9|*
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Spontaneous recovery
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In the early 1900s, an American psychologist, founded a new school, or approach, inpsychology called behaviorism....
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John B. Watson
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Watson identified three emotionsthat he believed were innate unconditioned reflexes
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fear, rage, and love
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When a steel bar was banged behindhis head (_______________ __________), Albert responded with fear(_______________ __________).
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unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response
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After seven pairings of the loud noise and the white rat (______________ __________), the white rat alone triggered extreme fear (______________ __________)
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conditioned stimulus, the conditioned response
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Little Albert was now afraid ofother furry animals and a variety of fuzzy objects. What has occurred?
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Stimulus generalization
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an individual’s psychological andphysiological response to a fake treatment or drug
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placebo response
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According to American psychologist _________ __ ________, classical conditioning depends on the information the conditionedstimulus provides about the unconditioned stimulus. For learning to occur, theconditioned stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus
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Robert A. Rescorla
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For learning to occur, theconditioned stimulus must be a ________ _________ that predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.
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reliable signal
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From his studies of classicalconditioning in rats, Rescorla concluded that animals assess the _________ _______ of stimuli
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predictive value
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a classically conditioned intense dislike for and avoidance of aparticular food that develops when an organism becomes illafter eating the food
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taste aversion
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Who demonstrated that taste aversionscould be produced in laboratory rats under controlled conditions?
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John Garcia
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the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli andresponses
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Biological preparedness
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Who was the first psychologist to systematically investigate animal behaviorand how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences?
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Edward L. Thorndike
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Responses followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” are“strengthened” and are more likely to occur again in the same situation,whereas responses followed by an unpleasant or “annoying state of affairs” are“weakened” and less likely to occur again.
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Thorndike formula of the law of effect
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American psychologist B. F. Skinner searched for the “_______ _______” that would explain “order inbehavior.”
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lawful processes
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_____________ believed that psychology shouldrestrict itself to studying only phenomena that could be objectively measuredand verified
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B. F. Skinner
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describes any “active behavior thatoperates upon the environment to generate consequences.”
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Operant
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_____________ is said to occur when astimulus or an event follows an operant and increases the likelihood of theoperant being repeated.
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Reinforcement
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