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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development 263
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the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline
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physical processes 263
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involves changes in an individuals biological nature. genes, hormonal, motor skills, height weight - maturation
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cognitive processes 263
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involve changes in an individuals thought, intelligence, and language- sentence construction, imaginition, memorization
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socioemotional processes 264
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changes in an individuals relationships with other people, emotions, personality. smile, assertivness, aggressiveness, affection
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nature 264
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an individuals biological inheritance, especially his or her genes genotype
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nurture 264
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an individuals environmental and social experiences
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pku phenylketonuria 264
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cause by 2 recessive genes- inability to metabolize phenylalanine- controlled by diet
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emergent properties 265
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big entity like a person that that is a consequence of interaction with several lower level factors
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life themes 265
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involve activities, relationships, goals to optimize life
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do early experiences rule us for life? 265
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*unless infants experience warm nurturing caregiving the first years they will not develop to their full potential * others emphasize power of later experience arguing that important development occurs later in life as well
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developmentalists 265
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focus on both children and adults stress that researchers gave given too little attention to adult development. -both agree that we are never doomed by childhood
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conception 266
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occurs when a single sperm merges with ovum (egg. produce a zygote a single cell with 23 from each = 46
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germinal period 266
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1-2 weeks begins with conception
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embryonic period 266
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3-8 rate of cell differentiation intensifies, beginnings of organs, 1st 28 days neural tube closes encased inside embryo heart begins to beat at end- face forms, intestinal tract appears
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fetal period 267
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months 2-9 size of kidney bean, 5 inches, 5 ounces, 6mnts 1.5 lbs, avg newborn is 19inch 7 lbs
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Child development 266
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threats to fetus 267
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teratogen 267
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agent that causes birth defects, ex nicotine
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fetal alcohol spectrum disorders fasd 267
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cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear mothers that are heavy prenatal drinkers. small head wide spaces eyes flattened nose under developed upper lip, limbs heart, below avg intelligence- even moderate drinking can lead to issues
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heroine babies 267
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premature, low birth weight, physical defects, breathing problems, death
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physical development in childhood, reflexes, motor and perceptual skills, brain, 268
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rooting, gripping, toe curling, moro or startle, galant 269
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preferential looking 270
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a research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what objects to look at
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habituation 270
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decreased responsivnes to a stimulus after repeated presentations
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synaptic connections 270
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increase dramatically neurons branch out, twice as many available that will never be used
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myelination 270
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begins prenatally and continues after birth
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jean piaget 272
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piaget, the famous swiss developmental psychologist, changed that way we think about the development of children's minds.
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assimilation 272
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an individuals incorporation of new information into existing knowledge
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accomodation 272
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an individuals adjustment of his or her schemas to new information
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sensorimotor stage 272
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piagets first stage of cognitive development lasting from birth to about 2 years of age during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions
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peroperational stage 273
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piagets second stage of cognitive develpoment lasting about 2 - 7 years during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought
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piagets 4 stages of cognitive development chart 273
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without object permanance the world and its objects chance from one moment to the next. once the infant knows that objects are still exist he or she cant see them, they wonder where did I leave that. .. o.p. also means getting the first taste of human capacity for longing- missing someone who is not there. 272 273
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piagets conservation task 274
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274 preschoolers are not intentionally trying to make you crazy. they say things that seem remarkably cruel but not able to gauge how they are making you feel
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concrete operational stage 274
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piagets third stage of cognitive development lasting from 7-11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations
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formal operational stage 275
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piagets fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at age 11 - 15 and continues throught he adulthood, it features thinking about things that are not concrete making predictions and using logic to come up with hypothesis about the future
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evaluating piagets theory 275
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scoioemotional development in childhood 276
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scaffolding 275
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is a way of learning that we use throughout life. Frids that taught you something important, more expertize
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temperament 275
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an individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
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the easy child n276
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positive mood, regular routines easily adapts
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difficult child 276
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cry frequently, irregular routines, slow to accept new experiences
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slow-to-warm-up child 276
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low activity level, inflexible, low intensity mood
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effortful control self regulation inhibition affectivity 276
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attachment in infancy 277
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infant attachment 277
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the close emothional bond between infant and caregiver snuggling with momma matters
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situation test 277
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eriksons 8 stages of human development 278
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secure attachment 277
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the ways that infants use their caregiver usually their mother as a secure base from which to explore the environment
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eriksons childhood stages 279
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trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, identity v isolation, generativity v stagnation, integrity v despair
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erik erikson 279
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erikson developed on eof the most important decelopmental theories of the 20th century
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evaluating eriksons theory 280
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parenting and developmental outcomes 280
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authoritarian parenting 281
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a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work
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authoritative parenting 281
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a parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior
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neglectful parenting 281
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a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvment in the child's life
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permissive parenting 281
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a parenting style charactized by the placement of few limits on the childs behavior
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divorce and developmental outcomes 281
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moral development 282
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kolhberg's theory 283
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perconventional level, conventional, postconventional chart ..
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lawrence kolhberg 283
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created a provocative theory in moral development - consists of a sequence of qualitive changes in the way an individual thinks.
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carol gilligan 284
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argues that kolhbergs approach does not give adequate attention to relationships. in gilligan's view many girls seem to fear most of all, being along, with out friends or family
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recent studies of moral development 284
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prosocial behavior behavior that is intended to benefit other people 284
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strategies in raising moral children 284
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being warm and supportive rather than overly punishing, when disciplining using reasoning the child can understand, providing oppertunities for the children to learn about others perspectives and feelings
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gender development 285 biology and gender development , social experience and gender development
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androgens 285 the main class of male sex hormones
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gender roles 285 roles that reflect the individuals expectations for how females and males should think abt and feel
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resilience 287 a persons ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
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adolescence 287 developmental period of transition from child to adulthood. beginning 10-12 ending 18-21
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physical development in adolescence 288 the brain , cognitive development
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puberty 288 a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence
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identity v identity confusion 289 eriksons 5th psychological atage, in which adolescents face the challenge of finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life
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egocentrism 289 involves belief that others are as preoccupied with the adolescent as he or she is that one is uniwue and that one is invincible piagets stage pf formal operational thinking
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marcia's theory or identity status 290 building of eriksons ideas uses identity status to describe a persons position in the development identity
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ethnic identity 290 biculturalism identifying in some ways with their ethnic minority, and in other ways with the majority culture
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parents and peers 290 to help adolescents reach full potential a key parental role is to be an effe3ctive manager- locates info, makes contacts, helps structure choices
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rethinking adolescence 291
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emerging adulthood, adult development, and aging 291
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emerging adulthood- collage age middle adulthood- 40 and 50 late adulthood 60 +
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emerging adulthood 292 the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approx 18-25
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key features of emerging adulthood 292 instability self focus feeling in between the age of possibilities a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform
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physical development in adulthood 292
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biological theories of aging 294
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cellular clock theory 294 leonard hayflick's view that cells can divide a maximum of 100 times. as we age our cells become less capable of dividing. telomeres protect end of chromosomes become shorter and shorter after about 100 divisions telomeres are dramatically reduced
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free radicals 294 people age because of unstable oxygen molecules (free rads) are produced inside cells, ricochet around in cells damaging dna and other cellular structures
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hormonal stress theory 294 argues that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the liklihood of disease- as we age homones stay in system longer
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aging and the brain 295 mankato nuns
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lateralization 295 is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other
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cognitive development in adulthood . cognition in early adulthood 295
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cognition in middle adulthood, late adulthood 296
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wisdom 297 expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life
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aging and reaction time , six intellectual abilities from 25 to 67 (297)
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socioemotional development in adulthood 298
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eriksons adult stages 298 generativity b stagnation
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marriage * nurturing fondness and admiration * turning toward each other as friends * giving up some power * solving conflicts together
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parenting midlife crisis socioemotional aspects of aging time is limited positive and negative emotion in adult years 299 300
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active development and aging 300 man's search for meaning , death ,
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motivation and emotion: 305
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motivation: the force that moves people to behave think and feel the way we do. 305
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instinct 305 an innate unlearned biological pattern of behavior that is assumes to be universal throughout a species
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drive reduction theory 306 as a drive becomes stronger we are motivated to remove it
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need 306 a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation
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drive 306 an aroused state that occurs because of a psychological need
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homeostasis 306 the body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium or steady state
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optimum arousal theory 306 yerkes dodson law the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal
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performance under high arousal conditions such as those that faced pilot chesley sullenberger when he had to land his damaged plane in the Hudson River requires being trained to the point of overlearning.
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hunger and sex 307 biology of hunger
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gastric signals 307 cck cholecystokinin helps start the digestion of food travels to the brain throught he blood stream and signals us to stop eating
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blood chemistry 308 glucose blood sugar . satiety the state of being hungry . insulin the hormone plays a role in glucose control
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cannon and washburns classic experiment on hunger 308 (balloon)
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brain processes lateral hypothalamus is involved in stimulating eating 308
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308 leptin and obesity
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309 ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating. when this area is stimulated it stops eating.
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obesity 309 biology of obesity
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set point 309 the weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or loose weight.
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adipose cells 309 fat cells
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normal weight individual has 10 -20 billion fat cells
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physiological factors in hunger and obesity 309
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the biology of sex hypothalamus , cerebral cortex , limbic system 310
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sex hormones 311 estrogens . the class of sex hormones that predominate in females, produced mainly by the ovaries
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androgens 311 the class of sex hormones that predominate in males, produced by the testes in males and adrenal glands in both males and females
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human sexual response pattern 311 according to Masters and Johnson, the characteristic sequence of physiological changes that humans experience during sexual activity , consisting of 4 stages : excitement , plateau , orgasm , and resolution
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excitement phase 311 begins the process of erotic responsivness : several mins to hours , increase blood flow and muscle tension . lubrication of vagina partial erection
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plateau phase 311 a continuation and heightening of the arousal begun in the excitement ohase- becomes more intense : increase heart rate, blood pressure, erection , orgasm is closer
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orgasm 311 3 - 15 seconds explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and intensely pleasurable feeling
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resolution phase 311 blood vessels return to normal, refractory period during which they can not orgasm again, women can
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cognitive and sensory / perceptual factors 311
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cultural factors 312
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sexual behavior and orientation 312 unfaithful , masturbate , oral sex ,
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sexual orientation 314 the direction of an individuals erotic interests today as viewed as a continuum from exclusive male, exclusive female, to exclusive same sex realtions male - female
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an individuals sexual orientation is most likely determined by a combination of genetic hormonal cognitive and environmental factors 314
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rats, nonhuman primates, ostriches , goats, guppies, bison, dolphin, fruit flies, all species of animals that participate in homosexual behavior
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beyond hunger and sex approaches to motivation in every day life 316
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hierarchy of needs 317 maslow's theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence : physiological , safety , love and belongingness , esteem , and self actualization chart on same page
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self actualization 317 the motivation to develop ones full potential as a human being the highest and most elusive of Maslow's proposed needs
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self transcendence 317 need even higher than self actualization. involves a level of experience that is beyond the self, including spirituality, compassion, morality.
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self determination theory 317 deci and ryans theory asserting that all humans have 3 basic innate organismismic needs : competence relatedness and autonomy
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318 individualistic : individual achievment , collectivist : stress affiliation Autonomy : suggests that we are in control of our own lives . mastery gain skills or over come obstacles . self efficacy ( confidence you can accomplish a goal ) competence : bring about desired outcomes . relatedness : the need to engage in warm realtions with other people.
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intrinsic motivation 319 motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs competence relatedness and auronomy as well as curiosity challenge and fun
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extrinsic motivation 319 notivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments
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self regulation the successful pursuit of goals : personal projects , best possible selves, life tasks, personal strivings 319
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self regulation 320 the process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives - letting a bad haircut grow out or being a good paretn
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helping our children find their calling in life by william damon 320
short term goals attach a feeling of accomplishment , maintaining efforts in short term failure |
resisting temptation 321
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Emotion 322 feeling or affect that can involve physiological arousal (fast heartbeat) conscious experiences (thinking about being in love) behavioral expression (smile)
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biological factors in emotion : arousal measuring arousal 322-323
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autonomic nervous system ANS takes messages to and from the body's internal organs monitoring process such as breathing heart rate and digestion.
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sympathetic nervous system 322 SNS is involved in the body's arousal it is responsible for a rapid reaction to a stressor , sometimes referred to as the fight or flight response
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parasympathetic nervous system PNS 322 calms the body . promotes relaxation and healing .. heart rate drops , as does blood pressure, stomach activity and digestion increase , breathing slows down
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measuring arousal : 323
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skin conductance level SCL 323 a rise in the skins electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases
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polygraph 323 a machine commonly called a lie detector test that monitors changes in the body used to try to determine whether someone is lying
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the autonomic nervous system and its role in arouding and calming the body chart 323
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physiological theories of emotion , neural circuits and neurotransmitters 324
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James Lange theory 324 the theory that emotion results from physiological states and is triggered by stimuli in the environment
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cannon bard theory 324 the proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
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direct and indirect pathways in the emotion of fear. direct pathway : broken arrow , indirect pathway solid arrow 325
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cognitive factors in emotion the two factor theory of emotion 325
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two factor theory of emotion 325 developed by stanley schachter and herome singer - emotion is determined by 2 factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling "good, happy, guilty,
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capilano rover bridge experiment : misinterpreted arousal intensifies emotional experiences 326
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the primacy debate : cognition or emotion 326 Lazarus anmd zajonc
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facial feedback hypothesis : 327 the idea that facial expression can influence emotions as well as reflect them
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culture and the expression of emotion : the expression of emotions in man and animals charles darwin stated that the facial expressions have evolved from the emotions of animals 328
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display rules 329 sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed. body language and motions regarding emotions
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gender influences 329 expressing ourselves online 330
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classifying emotions , valence , arousal level , 331
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positive affect 331 positive emotions such as joy , happiness, and interest,
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valence of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant . 331
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negative affect 331 negative emotions such as sadness anger guilt
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circumplex model of mood chart 331
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happy worker more productive ? 332
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Adaptive functions of emotions: resilience, resilience and 9/11, 331-332
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broaden and build model 332 fredrickson's model of positive emotion stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individuals attention and ability to build resources
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motivation and emotion : the pursuit of happiness : biological factors of happiness , obstacles in the pursuit of happiness, happiness activities and goal striving 334-336
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happiness set point 334 powerful starting spot and that is likely the result of genetic factors and personal dispositions
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hedonic treadmill - 335 captures the idea that any aspect of life that enhances our positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short period of time.
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sonja lyubomirsky 335 enhancing happiness
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what makes you 339 personality
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psychodynamic perspectives 340 theoritical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness )
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personality 340 a pattern of enduring , distinctive thoughts emotions and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
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freud's psychodynamic theory 340 anything that is pleasurable is sex. sex drive most important .
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psychoanalysis 341 developed by freud - approach to personality worked with patients suffering from hysteria aka somatoform disorders
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hysteria 341 physical symptoms that have no physical cause
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overdetermined - had causes that were in the conscious
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iceberg analogy : conscious and unconscious mind 341 freud
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structures of personality , defense mechanisms , psychosexual stages of development , 342 343
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ego 342 the freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality
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superego 342 the freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior ; what we often call conscience
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id 342 the part of the person that freud called the "it" consisting of unconscious drives ; the individuals reservoir of sexual energy
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defense mechanism 342 tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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repression , rationalization , displacement , sublimination , projection , reaction formation , denial , regression CHART 343
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psychosexual stages of personality oral , anal , phallic 343 -344
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oedipus complex 344 according to freud a boys intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother
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castration anxiety ; castration completed ; penis envy ; only hope for womans moral development was education 344
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latency period genital stage 344
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fixation 344 occurs when a particular psychosexual stage colors an individuals adult personality
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anal retentive personality 344 someone obsessively neat and organized. fixated at the anal stage
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psychodynamic critics (of freud) and revisionists 345
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karen horney : 345 developed the first feminist criticism of freud's theory. Horney's view emphasizes women
s positive qualities and self evaluation |
sexuality is not ht epervazive force behind personality as Freud believed : the first 5 years of life are not as powerful as shaping adult personality as her thought : the ego and conscious thought process play a more dominant role in our personality than he believed : Sociocultural factors are much more important than he believed.
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Horney 's apporach : 346 need for security and not sex, both sexes envy attributes of the other reproductive capabilities. women envy penis because of status society puts on them.
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carl jung 346 freud underplayed the unconscious minds role in personality.
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collective unconscious 346 jung's name for the impersonal deepest layer of the unconscious mind. shared by all human beings because of their common past ancestors
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archetypes 346 emotionally ladden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people
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individual psychology 346 adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals that perfection not pleasure is thus the key motivator in human life
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compensation 346 adler's term for the individuals attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing ones own abilities.
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Alfred Adler - believed that birth order could influence how successfully a person could strive for superiority. 346 middle is best , no one is doomed by birth order
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evaluating the psychodynamic perspectives : 347 *personality is determined by both current and early experiences * personality can be better understood by examining it developmentally * we mentelly transform our experiences (giving them meaning to shape our personalities) * mind is not all unconscious * inner world often conflicts with outer demands of reality * personality and adjustment important topics of inquiry 347
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Humanistic perspectives : 3487 stress a person's caacity for personal growth. theoritical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
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maslow's approach 348 referred to humanistic psy as third force. tolerant of others, gentle sense of humor, pursue the greater good. EX: pablo casals , albert einstein, ralph waldo emerson, william james, thomas jefferson, eleanor roosevelt, albert schweitzer
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Carl Roger pioneer in the development of humanstic perspective. compared humans to sunflowers, value self
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unconditional positive regard: 349 roger's construct referring to the individuals need to be accepted valued and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior
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conditions of worth 349 the standards that individuals must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others
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promoting optional functioning 350 evaluating the humanistic perspectives. relationship must include 3 qualities: guinuineness, empathetic uncondtional positive regard
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trait perspectives 351 theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions, that tend to lead to characteristic responces.
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traits 351 long lasting personality characteristics
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Lexical Approach 352 the idea that if a trait is important to people in real life it ought to be represented in natural language. allport & odbert 352
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factor analysis- 352 statistical procedure allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated
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the five factor model of personality 352 the 5 supertraits that are thought to describe the main deminsions of personality ; neuroticism (emotional instability) extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientioussness
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big 5 chart 353
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cross cultural and animal studies on big five 353
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neuroticism extraversion and well being 354
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traits mood and subjective well being 354 a persons assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect and an evaluation of his or her life in general.
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evaluating the trait perspectives 355
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personological and life story perspectives 357 theoretical views stressing that the way to understand the person is to focus on his or her life history and life story
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Murray's personological approach - his model for hitler serves as a model for criminal profiling today. 357
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personology 357 refer to the study of the whole person.
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content analysis 357 a procedure in which a psychology takes the persons story and codes it for different images words and so forth
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the life story approach to identity 358 mcadams
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intimacy motive 358 an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake
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social cognitive perspectives 359 theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness beliefs expectations and goals
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bandura's social cognitive theory 359 practical problem sovling social cognitive approach has made a lasting mark on personality theory and therapist
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reciprocal determinism 360 describe the way behavior environment and person/ cognitive factors interact to create personality 360
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observational learning / personal control self efficacy 360
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mischel's contributions 361 critique of consistency - unconscious sexual conflicts , traits, or motives , all of the approaches we have considered so far maintain that these various personality characteristics are an enduring influence on behavior. focused on coherence, or whether behaviors make sense across different situations not whether they are the very same behavior
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cognitive affective processing systems CAPS 362 Mischel's theoretical model for describing that our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior
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evaluating the social cognitive perspectives : * too concerned with change and situational influences on personality * ignores the role of biology plays in personality * in attempts to incoorperate botht he situation and the person into its view of personality in any given situation, making generalizations impossible
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Biological Perspectives: sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic Hippocrates 363
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personality and the BRAIN 363 -- eysenck's reticular activation stsyem theory , gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory 364
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the role of neurotransmitters 365 behavioral approach system ; behavior inhibition system
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behavioral genetics 365 the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics
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genes play a role at how happy we are ; autobiographical memory : encoding, retention, recall. .. memory processes 366
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can your personality change 367
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personality assessment 368 self report tests : MMPI Assessment of big five
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self report test 368 also called an objective test or an inventory a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits
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empirically keyed test : a type of self report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way
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social desirability 368
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI 369 the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test -- associated with psychological disorders, depression , schizophrenia ,
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face validity 369 the quality of seeming on the surface to fit a particular trait in question
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Projective Tests: sample research questions 372
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Rorschach inkblot test 371 a famous projective test that uses an individuals perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality
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thematic apperception test TAT 371 a projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual personality
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Social Psychology 377 the study of how people think about influence and relate to other people
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stereotype 377 a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
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person perception 377 refers to the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
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attribution theory 379 the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior
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first impressions 378
attributional errors and biases 378 heuristics in social information processing |
self consensus effect 380 observers overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do
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positive illusions 380 favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality
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self serving bias 380 the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures
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the self as a social object 380
stereotype threat , social comparison |
stereotype threat 381 an individuals faast acting self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group
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social comparison 381 the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others
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attitudes 381 our opinions and beliefs about people objects and ideas how we feel about our world
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can attitudes predict behavior 382 when the persons attitudes are strong
when the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and when the person rehearses and practices them when the person has a vested interest |
can behavior predict attitudes :
cognitive dissonance theory , self perception theory 382- 383 |
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cognitive dissonance 382 an individuals psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thought.
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Effort Justification 383 one type of dissonance reduction, means rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something
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self perception theory 383 Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes starting that individuals by perceiving their behavior
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persuasion 383 communicator (source) the message the medium the target (audience)
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elaboration likelihood model 384 theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route
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central and peripherial route 384
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social behavior 385 altruism aggression
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altruism 386 unselfish interest in helping another person
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egoism 386 giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or or caring ; or to avoid social and self censure for failing to live up to society's expectations
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critical thinking means questioning what everyone "knows" 386
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empathy 387 a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person
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altruism and gender 387 the bystander effect
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bystander effect 387 the tendency for an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present then when the observer is along
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Aggression 387 social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, wither physically or verbally
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Biological Influence 388 evolutionary views, genetic basis, neurobiological factors
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389 psychological factors : frusterating and aversive circumstances, cognitive dertiminants , observational learning
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aversive circumstances that might stimulate aggression include factors in the physical environment such as noise crowding and heat waves
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frustration aggression hypothesis 389 states that frustration - the blocking of an individuals attempts to reach a goal - always leads to aggression.
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Cognitive Determinants 390 leonard berkowitz & lePage if a person percieves anothers actions as unfair or hurtfull intentionally
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Sociocultural factors : 390 cultural variations and the culture of honor , media violence ,, neil malamuth 391
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conduct disorder 391 a pattern of offensive behavior that violates the basic rights of others
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reducing aggression 392 strategies
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Social influence 393 conformity , obedience , exerting parental control
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conformity 393 a change in a persons behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
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asch's experiment 393 line test
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going along to be right and going along to be liked 394
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informational social influence 394 the influence other people have on us because we want to be right
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normative social influence 394 the influence others have on us because we want them to like us
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obedience 394 behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority
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is the brain wired for conformity ? 395
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miligram obedience study 396 learner is strapped into chair . looks like shock generator is being connected everywhere. teachers who stopped shocking the learner at each voltage
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exerting personal control 397
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group influence : deindividuation social contagion , 396
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deindividuation 397 the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group
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social contagion 397 imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior emotions and ideas
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Ku Klux Klan KKK 397
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Group performance : social facilitation , social loafing , 398
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social facilitation 398 improvement in an individuals performance because of the presence of others
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social loafing 398 each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
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group decision making 398 risky shift and group polarization , groupthink : getting along but being very wrong , majority and minority influence
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risky shift 399 the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
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group polarization 399 the solidification and further strengthing of an individuals position as a consequence of a group discussion
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group think 399 the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony
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irving janis 399 , pres george bush ,
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intergroup relationships 400 Group V identity - social identity , ethnocentrism , prejudice ,
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social identity - 400 the way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership
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types of identity : ethnicity and religion , relationships , vocations and avocations, political affiliation , stigmatized identities 401 CHART
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social identity theory 401 the view that our social identities are a crucial part of our self image and valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves
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ethnocentrism the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over another group. 401
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henery tajfel , 401
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402 prejudice - an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group
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balkan peninsula , ethnic cleansing , hutus in rwanda , 402
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implicit racism 403 refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper hidden level - explicit racism is a person's conscious and openly shared attitude which might be measured using a questionaire 403
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stereotyping and prejudice 403 generalizations
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discrimination 403 an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs in that group
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sexual harassment 404 unwelcome behavior or conduct of a sexual nature that offects humiliates or intimidates another person
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ways to improve intergroup relationships 404 CHART toward the outgroup following competitive and cooperative activities
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task oriented cooperation - muzafer sherrif robbers cave study . rattlers . rattlers and eagles developed positive relationships 404
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Close relationships : attraction love models of close relationships 405
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proximity acquaintance similarity : 405
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mere exposure effect : 405 the phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something the more likely we are to start likeing the person or even if if we do not realize we have seen it before
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proximity - closeness 405
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evolutionary approaches to attraction : 406
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love 407 romantic love - love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation often predominant in the early part of a love relationship; also called passionate love
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affectionate love 407 love that occurs when an individual has a deep caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near; also called compassionate love
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social exchange theory 407 the view of social relationship as involving an exchange of goods the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits
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investment model 408 a model of long term relationships that examines the ways that commitment investment and the availability of attractive partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships
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moe armstrong s pretty good life 411
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defining and explaining abnormal behavior 412 - behavior that is deviant , maladaptive , or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
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deviant 412 unusual , oprah winfrey , lebron james , steve jobs ,
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abnormal behavior is maladaptive 412 - interferes with ones ability to function effectively in the world
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personal distress 412 behavior that is found troubling by the involved individual .
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theoretical approach to psychological disorders : biological approach , psychological approach , sociocultural approach , bioppsychological approach 413
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medical model 413 the view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin
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mental illnesses , patients , doctors , 413
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classifying abnormal behavior - DSM - IV : the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th edition , the major classification of psychological disorders in the US 414
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415 Axis 1 disorders : anxiety , somatoform , factitious , delirium dementia amnesia and other cognitive disorders , mood disorders, schizophrenia , psychotic disorders , substance related , eating , sleep , impulse control , adjustment CHART 415
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CHART 415 Axis 2 disorders : mental retardation , personality ,
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critiques of DSM-IV 417
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anxiety disorder : disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive ) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity , apprehensive expectations, and thoughts .. generalized panic D , panic , phobic , OCD , post traumatic stress
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generalized panic disorder 418 psychological disorder marked by persistant anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for anxiety
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panic disorder 418 anxiety disorder in chich the individual experiences recurrent sudden onset of intense terror without warning and with no specific cause
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phobic disorder 419 anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational overwhelming persistant fear of a particular object or situation
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OCD 420 anxiety disorder in which indiv has anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away and or urges person to perform repetitive ritualistic behaviors or produce some future situation
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phobias list on 420
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Post traumatic stress disorder : flash backs avoiding emotional experiences reduces ability to fell emotions (numb) memory and concentration , excessive arousal , impulsive outbursts , apprehension , nervous tremors 421
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psychological wounds of war 422
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mood disorders 423 psychological disorders the main types of which are depressive disorders and bipolar disorders - in which there is a primary disturbance of mood , prolonged emotion that colors the individuals entire emotional state
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depressive disorders 423 mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression - an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
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major depressive disorder 423 psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness for at least 2 weeks
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dysthymic disorder - more chronic depression with fewer symptoms than major depression 423
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CHART OF DEPRESSION 424
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biological factors of depression 424 & psychological factors
sociocultural factors 425 |
learned helplessness 424 an individuals acquisition of feelings of powerlessness when he or she is exposed to aversive circumstances such as prolonged stress over which that individual has no control
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Bipolar disorder 426 mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania an overexcited unrealistically optimistic state
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depressed children 426
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suicide 427 & 428 what to do / what not to do
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eating disorders 430 anorexia nervosa , bulimia & causes
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anorexia 430 eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation <85 percent than what is considered normal weight , intense fear of gaining , distorted body image , amenorrhea lack of menstration
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bulimia 431 consistently follows a binge and purge eating pattern
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binge eating disorder 432 eating disorder characterized by recurrent epidodes of eating large amounts of food during which the person feels lack of control over eating
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dissociative disorders 433 psychological disorders that involve a sudden memory loss or change in identity due to the dissociation of the individuals conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts
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dissociative amnesia 433 characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
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dissociative refuge 433 the individual not onlu develops amnesia but also unexpectantly travels away from home and assumes a new identity - hannah upp
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dissociative identity disorder 434 formerly called multiple personality disorder a dissociative dis in whcih the indicidule has 2 or more selves each with its own memories and behaviors and relationships DID
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schizophrenia 435 severe psy, dis. charac. by highly disordered thought processes . referred to as psychotic bc they are so far removed from reality
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