Psychology Exam 1

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psychology

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study of mind and behavior

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philosophical empiricists

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believed that the mind was a tabula rasa

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phrenology

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the first theories to propose that certain traits are localized in specific regions

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philosophy and physiology

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the emergence of psychology as a new discipline was largely influences

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Freud

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unconcisous influences

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skinnerian

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Fred and Yvonne notice that their 10‐year-old daughter is beginning to use sexually explicit curse words. The parents think that their daughter's friends might be rewarding her swearing with attention and laughter. This reflects a ________ perspective.

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Computersprocessedinformationthroughcomplexcircuits,whichprovidedamodelandshapedtheoryastohowmentalprocessesmightwork.

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theadventofthecomputersoimportantforthedevelopmentofcognitivepsychology

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Social psychology examines issues such as conformity, racism, and stereotyping by

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consideringtheeffectsofotherpeopleonourthoughts,feelings,andbehaviors.

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Whilesomepsychologistsengageinresearch,manypsychologists,suchas________,areinvolvedinclinicalandotherworkfocusedonhelpingpeopledealingwithfamilyorcareerissues.

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counselingpsychologists

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Oneconsequenceofprovidinganinaccurateoperationaldefinitionofthepropertiesweintendtomeasureisthatthemeasurementwillbe:

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invalid.

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Whennaturalisticobservationisnotanoption,whichofthefollowingisthebesttechniquetoavoiddemandcharacteristics?

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Useadouble-°©‐blinddesign.

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Themoretimechildrenspendplayingvideogamesathome,thelowertheirgradesareatschool.Thisrepresentsa:

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negativecorrelation.

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Terrenceisstudyinghowmusicaffectsattitudes.OnahotJuneday,heexposesonegroupofcollegestudentstoclassicalmusicandanothergrouptojazz,whilehemeasurestheirattitudestowardwar.Thedependentvariableis:

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attitudestowardwar.

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Aboxersuddenlybeginsexperiencingwildmoodswingsandbizarrebehavior.Aneuroscientistdeterminesthattheboxerhastraumaticbraininjuryprobablycausedbynumerousconcussions.TheneuroscientistthenstudiesthebrainfunctioningoftheboxeringreatdetailusingfMRIbrain-°©‐imagingtechniquestolearnmoreaboutconcussions.Thisrepresentsa(n):

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casestudy.

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Themyelinatedsheathofanaxon:

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allowsforfastertransmissionofsignalstootherneurons,organs,ormuscles.

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Neurons________connectedphysicallyandcommunicate________witheachotheratthe________.

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arenot;chemically;synapse

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Thetypicalstateofaneuronisthe________,butwhenelectricalsignalsstimulateittoitsthreshold,the________isimmediatelyobserved.

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restingpotential;actionpotential

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informationistransmittedwithintheneuronasa(n)________signal,andinformationtransmissionbetweenneuronsisa(n)________signal.

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electrical;chemical

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Chemicalsthatpassinformationacrossthetinygapbetweenneuronsarecalled:

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neurotransmitters.

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Dentoncouldpitchabaseballinwhatlookedlikeaneffortlessandsmoothmovement.Whatpartofthehindbrainismostassociatedwiththishighlycoordinatedmotion?

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thecerebellum

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Dorothy,offtoseetheWizardofOz,perceivesthattheYellowBrickRoadconvergestoapointwayoffoninthedistance,duetothedepthcueof:

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iinearperspective.

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loudnessistoamplitudeaspitchisto:

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frequency.

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Soundwavevibrationsaretransmittedbythreetinybonescalledthe________locatedinthe________.

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ossicles;middleear

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Rachelistrainingherdog,Duke,tobarkwhenthereisaknockonthedoor.ShealreadyknowsthatsqueakingamousetoywillmakeDukebark.So,shedecidestoknockonthedoorandthenimmediatelysqueakthemousetoconditionDuketobark.Whatistheunconditionedstimulusinthiscase?

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thesqueakingmouse

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Manyprofessionsinclude_________asatrainingmechanismsothatpeoplecanlearnbywatchingtheactionsofothers.

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observationallearning

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Onedaywhilegardening,Gregtrippedoveracoilofwound-°©‐uphoseandfellfacefirstonthepavement.Hesuffereddamagetohishippocampalregion,andwhilerecoveringinthehospital,heconsistentlygreetedhisfriendsandfamilyasthoughhewasseeingthemagainforthefirsttimeinages,andheoftenforgotwhathewasdoingduringtheday.However,hecouldstillrecall,withouteffort,adventuresfromhisteenageyears.Mostlikely,Greghaswhatwouldbecalled:

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anterogradeamnesia

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TheCannon-°©‐Bardtheoryofemotionwouldsuggestthatwhenyouarehappywhilevisitingwithsomefriends,youremotionalexperienceofhappinessoccurs_________activityinyourautonomicnervoussystem.

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simultaneousto

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AcriticismoftheJames-°©‐Langetheoryofemotionisthat

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therearenotenoughuniquepatternsofautonomicactivitytoaccountforthevarietyofemotionalstates.

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Thesubdivisionoftheperipheralnervoussystemresponsibleforloweringheartrate,respiration,andincreasingdigestiveprocessesisthe________nervoussystem.

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parasympathetic

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REMsleep

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beta-°©‐waveactivity

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Dr.GruberisrunningamemoryexperimentusingfMRI.Dr.Grubernoticesthattheoccipitallobeisparticularlyactiveduringthetask.Whattypeofencodingareparticipantsaremostlikelyusing?

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visual imaginary

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Inlightofresearchfindingson__________,itprobablyisbesttostudyforyourpsychologyexamatadeskinaquietroom.

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state dependent retrieval

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Rememberinghowtorideaskateboard,eventhoughithasbeenafewyearssinceyouwerelastonone,isasubtypeof__________memorytermed_________.

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implicit;proceduralmemory

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}Repeatedsuggestibilitymayactuallyproduce_________insomepeople

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false memory

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Whiledrivinginanewcity,youbrieflyseearoadsignthatyouthinkmarkedtheexityouarelookingfor,butafterafewsecondsyoucan'trememberwhatthesignsaid.Thisillustratesthequickdecayof_________memory

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iconic

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Jameswasinvolvedinacaraccidentthreeyearsago.Herecentlysawamanherememberedbeingintheaccident,butwhenheapproachedhim,themanhadnoideawhatJameswastalkingabout.ItturnedoutthatthemanwasworkingatacoffeeshopJameshadvisitedthatdayandwasinnowayinvolvedinthecaraccident.James'sconfusionwastheresultof:

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misattribution

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Whenyoustudyhardforanexamtogetgoodgradesandkeepyourscholarship,thisis:

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anextrinsicmotivation.

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psychology goals

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description, explanation, prediction, control

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folk psychology

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explain people's feeling and actions

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hindsight bias

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tendency to believe, after learning an outcome

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determinism

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everything that happens has a cause

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free will decisions by daniel wegner

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decision- prediction of your behavior

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mind brain problem

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the philosophical question of how experience is related to brain

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dualism

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the mind is seperate from the brain but somehow it controls the brain and rest of the body

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monism

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experience is inseparable from the brain

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wilhem wandt

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father of psychology

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edward titcher( structuralism)

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basic elements that constitute the mind

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willam james( funcionalism)

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the study of purpose mental process to adapt to their environment

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gathering and evalualting evidence

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1.state the problem

2. hypothesis

3. choose a method

4. measure the results

5. report the findings

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population sample

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basic sensory smaples

ex) convenience samples(group)

representative sample(a one)

random ( every individual)

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single blind

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either the observer and participants are unaware

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double blind study

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both observer and participants are unaware

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correlation

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a measure of the relationship between two variables

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reductionism

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explain complex phenomena by reducing them to combination of simpler components

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neuron

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a cell speciallized to receive, process, and transmit info to other cells witin the body

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glia

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hold neurons in place insulatre them and remove waste products

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sensory neurons

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sense organs toward the central neurons system

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interneurons

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communicate only with other neurons

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moter neurons

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carry messages away from cns to muscles

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dendrites

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receives transmissions from other neurons (excitatory, inhibitory)

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cell body

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metabolic activity

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axon

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transmit signals

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within neurons

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activity is eclectrical

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btw neurons

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chemical

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resting potential

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the differences in electric charges btw the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrance

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threshold

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a level of stimulation required for activation of a neuron

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action potential

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an electrical current that travels along the axon of a neuron

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refractor period

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neuron recover time after fires

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synapse

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a small space axon and dendrites

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neurontransmitter

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stored within a synapse and vesicles in axon

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gamma amino butyrie acid

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anxiety and sleep disorder

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serotonin

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mood affects

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dopamine

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important movement to frontal lobe activity, schizophrenic, drug abuse

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psychopharmacology

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study of how drugs affect behavior

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autonomic neurons system

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syspahetic( stimmulate)

parasymulathetic ( inhibits)

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spinal cord

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serves as body's main processing system

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3 main brain regions

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hind brain, mid brain, fore brain

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hindbrain

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celebellum, the medulla, pons

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mid brain

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reticular formation

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fore brain

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thalamus, limbic system, cerebrum

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medulla

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heartbeat, breating, sneezes

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pons

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sleep and arousal

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cerebellum

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motor, coordnation and balance

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reficular formation

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sleep, arousal, attention

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thalamus

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sensory relay, station

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amygdala(limbic system)

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emotions

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hippocampus(limbic system)

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learning and memory

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hypothalamus

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release hormones

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cerebrum

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larges and most complex part of the human brain

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cerebral hemi spheres

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divded into two halves

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cerebral cortex

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outer layer of the brain

thinking and planning

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terporal lobes

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auditroy cortex

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occipital lobes

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visual cortex

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parietal lobes

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sensory cortex

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frontal lobes

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star of the brain, speech and thinking

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sensation

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the conversion of a stimulus

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perception

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interpreating and applying meaning to those stimuli

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sensation to perception

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stimulas energy- sensory receptors-neural impulse- brain

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amplitude

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the height of the wave measure the energy

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frequency

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number of complete waves

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eardrum

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memebrane that vibrates in response

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oval window

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membrane covered opening that separates the middle ear from the inner ear

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papillae

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bumpy looking struces that contain the cell receptors

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taste buds

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pores on the tongue contains taste cells

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sence of smell( olfactory receptors)

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cilla , hairlike structures

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olfactory nerve

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delivery impules in nose to brain

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pupil

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an adjustable opening in the eye

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iris

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a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion

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accommodation

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the proecess by whice the eyes changes shape

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rods

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black and white twilight vision

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cones

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concentrate fear the center of the retina

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transduction

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process by which a preceptual system conversts stimuli into electircal impulse

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optic nerve

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the never that carries heural impules from the eye to the brain

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gestalt laws of organization

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percpetion cant be broke down into its component parts

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figure and ground

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stands out (figure) in front of other parts(ground)

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proximity

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we group nearby figures together

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connectedness

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uniform and linked

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closure

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create a complete

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retinal disparty

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a binocular cues for distance based on slight differences in visual aspect

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convergence

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binocular cue for distance based on the degree of tension required to focus two eyes on the same object

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repair and restoration theory

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sleep has restortive function

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energy conversation thery of sleep

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evoultuon equipped us with a regular pattern of sleeping

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freud

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dream conceal unconsicous desires and fears

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variations in consciouness

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circadian rhythm

levels of consciouness

daydreams and fantasies

the funcion of sleep

sleep stages

why we dream

drugs and their effect

altered states of consicouness

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depressants

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calm neural activity

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stimulants

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uppers temporaily excite neural activity

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hallcinagens

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distort perceptions and evoke sensory images

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hypnosis can do

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inhibit pain

posthyphontic suggestion

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hypnosis cant

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enhance memory

help people recall

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memory

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recall

recognition

relearning

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processing model of memory

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encoding, storage, retrieval

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best memory of verbal information

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semantic encoding

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what we encode

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visual

acoustic

sematic

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storage process

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external events-sensory memory

working and shor term memory

long term memory

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sensory register

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temporary storage devie for holding sensor memories

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

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echoic memory

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auditory stimuli

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h.m( henry molarison)

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the most emulous amnesiac

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state-dependent memory effect

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information better recalled when persons psycholozical or physicological states are the same as we first learned

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absent mindedness

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encoding failure

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persistence

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unwanted memory

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refelx

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a simple automatic response to a single stimulus

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fixed action pattern

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an inherited set of actions in response to a particular sitmulus

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classical conditioning

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certain stimuli can automatically trigger a reflective response

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stimulus generalization

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tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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stimulus discriminiation

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둘이상의 자극을 서로 구별하는일

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operant conditioning

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associations of a response with its consequences

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postive reinforcement

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a behavior is followed by the presentation of a positive stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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a behavior is followed by the removal

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escape conditiong

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particular response

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secondary reinforcement

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a reward that people and animal learn to like

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ratio schedules

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based on number of responses

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schedules of reinforcement

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fixed ratio

variable

fixed interval