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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
The study of the mind and behavior
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Goals of Psychology |
Describe, Explain, Predict, Control behavior |
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Rationalism |
idea that we can make sense of the world by logic (Plato) |
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Empiricism |
observing what actually occurs (Aristotle) |
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Descartes |
French rationalist: mind and body are separate but interact with each other. having a mind separates us from animals |
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Locke |
British empiricist: mind and body develop together. we as people are born as blank slates |
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Kant |
need for both Locke and Descartes view points |
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Structuralism |
experience is determined by combination of sensations |
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1879??? |
year Wilhelm Wendt opened first psychology lab at U of Leipzig. gold: to uncover structures of the mind. FAILED |
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Analytic Introspection |
relies on analysis within the mind. bad idea because everyone feels and thinks differently. |
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Functionalism |
focused more on what was actually going on and purposes |
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Progmatism |
Focused on practical usage of the information |
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Associationism |
how information becomes interconnected |
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Levels of influence on psychological phenomenon |
Biological, Psychological, Social-cultural |
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Biological Influences |
Natural selection of adaptive traits Genetic predispositions responding to environment Brain mechanisms Hormonal influences |
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Psychological Influences |
Learned fears and other learned expectations Emotional responses Cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations |
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Social-cultural Influences |
Presence of others Cultural, societal, and family expectations Peer and other group influences Compelling models (i.e. media) |
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Perspectives of describing psychological phenomenon |
Cognitive, social-cultural, behavioral genetics, neuroscience, psychodynamic, behaviorist, evolutionary |
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Cognitive Perspective |
How reliable is memory? How can we improve our thinking? |
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Social-Cultural Perspective |
Could our behavior, skills, and attitudes be "downloads" from our culture? |
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Behavioral Genetics Perspective |
Could our behavior, skills, and attitudes be genetically programmed instincts? |
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Neuroscience Perspective |
What role do our bodies and brains play in emotions? How is pain inhibited? Can we trust our senses? |
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Psychodynamic Perspective |
Do inner childhood conflicts still plague me and affect my behavior? |
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Behaviorist Perspective |
How are our problematic behaviors reinforced? How do our fears become conditioned? What can we do to change these fears and behaviors? |
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Evolutionary Perspective |
Why are humans prone to panic, anger, and making irrational judgements? |
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Operational Definition |
Defining some sort of property or behavior in concrete terms. therefore, can detect what the definition describes. MEASURABLE!! |
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Validity |
Ability to draw accurate inferences |
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Reliability |
Ability to detect same result each time measured |
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Experiment |
Technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables |
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Manipulation |
artificial (controlled by researcher) variations introduced by researcher in order to determine causal relationships |
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Independent Variable |
Manipulated. The effect of IV on DV. |
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Dependent Variable |
Measured. The effect of IV on DV. |
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Randomization |
Procedure to ensure that a participant's inclusion in the experimental or control group is not determined by a 3rd variable. |
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Confounding Variable |
Factor other than independent variable that might produce an effect on the experiment |
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Central Nervous System |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
nerves that connect CNS to rest of body. Split into Autonomic and Somatic |
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Autonomic |
controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands. split into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Somatic |
controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles |
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Sympathetic |
arousing. ready to take action |
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Parasympathetic |
calming. building up energy |
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Spinal Cord |
transmits information between brain and body |
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Tracts |
bundles of nerves that make up spinal cord. Ascending and Descending |
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Ascending tracts |
take signal in through senses and up to brain |
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Descending tracts |
carry motor control info from brain, through spinal cord, to muscles |
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Neuron structures |
Dendrites, cell body, Axon, Myelin Sheath, terminal branches, terminal buttons |
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Neuron communication |
Electrical and chemical processes. synapse |
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synapse |
communication between neurons where one neuron releases neurotransmitters and another neuron has receptor sites where the neurotransmitters fit. |
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) |
antidepressants! don't allow serotonin to be sucked back up so the neurotransmitter has to find a connection so your body absorbs more serotonin = :) |
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Agonists |
excite. encourage neurotransmitter connections. (morphine, LSD) |
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Antagonists |
inhibit. block neurotransmitters. (SSRI) |
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Gall |
idea of different parts of brain doing different things. however, he thought you have bumps in head where personality is stronger: phrenology (WRONG) |
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Methods of Studying Brain |
Clinical Observation: case studies (Phineas Gage and behavior issues) Invasive techniques: lesion experiments Neuroimaging: MRI and fMRI (functional) and PET |
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Main Brain Structures |
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain |
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Hindbrain |
Brain Stem and Cerebellum |
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Brain Stem |
Begins where spinal cord swells as enters skull. responsible for automatic survival functions Medulla Pons, Reticular Formation |
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Cerebellum |
rapid, well-timed movements. (looks like cauliflower or small brain) |
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Midbrain |
Tectum and Tegmentum |
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Tectum |
visual and auditory reflexes |
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Tegmentum |
many pathways. some reflexive, homeostatic |
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Forebrain |
Cerebral Cortex, Subcortical structures, and Limbic System |
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Cerebral cortex |
Outermost layer and largest part. contains 4 lobes |
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Frontal Lobe |
logic, reasoning, planning, primary motor area at back of frontal lobe. |
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Parietal Lobe |
spacial relationships. sensory cortex. Primary somatosensory area at front of parietal lobe |
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Occipital Lobe |
Visual Processing |
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Temporal Lobe |
memory areas, long-term, and auditory processing |
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Subcortical Structures |
Thalamus and Pituitary Gland |
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Limbic System |
Emotion. Contains Hypothalamus, Hipocampus, Amygdala, and Basal Ganglia |
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Motor cotex |
controls voluntary movement. at back of frontal lobe |
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Sensory cortex |
registers body sensations. at front of parietal lobe |
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Homunculus |
size associated with motor control. large hands, toes, face, and genitals. |
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Contralateral |
Right side of brain controls left side of body and vice versa. also with vision. |
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Corpus Callosum |
bridge between brains. |
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Left hemisphere |
language |
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Right hemisphere |
Face recognition |
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Split-Brain Procedure |
sensory and motor inputs still crossed but hemispheres can't exchange data. |
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Thalamus |
egg shaped on top of brain stem. receives input from sensory modalities and relays input told different areas of cortex. |
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Pituitary Gland |
regulates growth and controls release of hormaones from other glands. controlled by hypothalamus |
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Hypothalamus |
Regulates basic body functions and drives (hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature) |
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Amygdala |
regulates emotional states. mainly anger and fear. very close to hippocampus |
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Hippocampus |
involved in long-term memory formation. very close to amygdala. (hippo running through campus = memorable) |
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Basal Ganglia |
Covers thalamus. controls slow and deliberate movements. |
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Sensation |
Message from senses |
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Perception |
interpretation of message from sensases |
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Bottum-Up Processing |
relying only on sensations. no context given. |
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Top-Down Processing |
using context to identify. (CAT and THE with the H and A example in class) |
