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61 Cards in this Set

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Developmental Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
Zygote
The fertilized egg; it enters 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Embryo
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Teratogens
Agents, such as some chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In sever cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
Rooting Reflex
A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation
Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
Accomodation
Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Preoperational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Conservation
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
Theory of Mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
Autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
Concrete Operational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal Operation Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation
Critical Period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Basic Trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Self-Concept
A sense of one's identity and personal worth
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attribution Theory
The theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Attitude
A belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Normative Social Influences
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influences
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Social Facilitation
Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Prejudice
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Stereotype
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Ingroup
"Us"-people with whom one shares a common identity
Outgroup
"Them"-those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.
Scapegoat Theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Just-World Phenomenon
The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior to hurt or destroy
Frustration-Aggression Principle
The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger, which can generate aggression
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Social Trap
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationality pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Passionate Love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
Compassionate Love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Self-Disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Social Exchange Theory
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
-Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
-A strategy designed to decrease international tensions