Psychology Chapters 5-7

Front 1

What is learning?

Back 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Front 2

Classical conditioning

Back 2

learning to make a reflex response other than stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

Front 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 3

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

Front 4

Unconditioned Response

Back 4

An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

Front 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 5

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

Front 6

Conditioned response

Back 6

Learned reflex response to be a conditioned stimulus.
( CS: Ice cream truck. )
( CR: Salivation when hear ice cream truck bell. )

Front 7

Operant Conditioning

Back 7

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Front 8

Reinforcement

Back 8

Any events or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

Front 9

Primary Reinforcement

Back 9

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch.

Front 10

Secondary reinforcement

Back 10

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise tokens or gold stars.

Front 11

Punishment

Back 11

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Front 12

Observational learning

Back 12

Learning news behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Front 13

Continuos Reinforcement

Back 13

The reinforcement of each and every correct response.

Front 14

Partial Reinforcement effect

Back 14

The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

Front 15

Extinction

Back 15

Occurs if the behavior ( response ) is not reinforced.

Front 16

Memory

Back 16

An active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Front 17

Encoding

Back 17

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brains storage system.

Front 18

Storage

Back 18

Holding onto information for some period of time.

Front 19

Retrieval

Back 19

Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.

Front 20

Misinformation effect

Back 20

The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.

Front 21

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 21

A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

Front 22

Selective Attention

Back 22

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Front 23

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 23

Practice of saying some information to remembered over and over in ones head in order to maintain it in short-term memory ( STM's tends to be encoded in auditory form )

Front 24

Retrieval cue

Back 24

A stimulus for remembering.

Front 25

Retroactive Interference

Back 25

Memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with retrieval of older information ( Forgetting: Memory trace theory )

Front 26

Flashbulb memory

Back 26

Type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

Front 27

Serial position effect

Back 27

Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

Front 28

Episodic memory

Back 28

Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events.

Front 29

Encoding failure

Back 29

Failure to process information into memory ( Forgetting )

Front 30

Heuristic

Back 30

An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a " rule of thumb "

Front 31

Representative Heuristic

Back 31

Assumption that any object ( or person ) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category.

Front 32

Availability Heuristic

Back 32

Estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant of an event based on how easy it is for us to think of related examples.

Front 33

Concepts

Back 33

Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.

Front 34

Confirmation bias

Back 34

The tendency to search for evidence that fits one beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.

Front 35

Convergent thinking

Back 35

Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only answers, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic.

Front 36

Divergent thinking

Back 36

Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. ( Kind of creativity )

Front 37

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Back 37

Stenberg's theory there are three kinds of Intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical.

Front 38

Analytical Intelligence

Back 38

The ability to break problems down into components parts, or analysis, for problem solving.

Front 39

Creative Intelligence

Back 39

The ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.

Front 40

Practical Intelligence

Back 40

The ability to use information to get along in life and become successful.

Front 41

Validity

Back 41

The degree to which a test actually measures what its supposed to measure

Front 42

Reliability

Back 42

The tendency of a test to produce the same scares again and again each time it is given to the same person.

Front 43

Deviation IQ scores

Back 43

A type of Intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15.

Front 44

Intelligence quotient ( IQ )

Back 44

A number representing a measure of Intelligence, resulting from the division of ones mental age by ones chronological age and then multiplying the quotient by 100.